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Portuguese (Portugal)

In English, it is common to leave a preposition at the end of a sentence or clause (e.g., "the person I am traveling *with*"). In Portuguese, the preposition cannot be separated from the pronoun it modifies. It must always come right before the relative pronoun (e.g., "the person *with whom* I am traveling"). 

When connecting ideas to specify a person after a preposition, always use the relative pronoun **quem** (who/whom).

### Using "com quem" and "de quem"

To describe someone you are doing an activity with, use **com quem** (with whom).

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Many Portuguese verbs require the preposition **de** (of/from/about). Common examples include *gostar de* (to like), *falar de* (to speak about), and *cuidar de* (to take care of). When these verbs appear in a relative clause describing a person, you must use **de quem**.

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### Using "a quem" and "em quem"

When an action is directed *to* someone, such as writing a message or giving something, use **a quem** (to whom). This acts as the indirect object of the relative clause.

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Similarly, some verbs require the preposition **em** (in). For example, the verb **confiar** (to trust) is always followed by **em**. To say "the friend I trust", you literally say "the friend *in whom* I trust" (**em quem**).

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Relative pronoun whom (com quem, de quem)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the boyfriend	o namorado
He is the boyfriend I am going to travel with.	Ele é o namorado com quem vou viajar.
The boyfriend she likes is intelligent.	O namorado de quem ela gosta é inteligente.
the girlfriend	a namorada
The girl I spoke about is my girlfriend.	A rapariga de quem falei é a minha namorada.
to support	apoiar
The girlfriend I live with is going to support your idea.	A namorada com quem moro vai apoiar a tua ideia.
The boss you wrote to is going to support our project.	O chefe a quem escreveste vai apoiar o nosso projeto.
the invitation	o convite
The colleague I gave the invitation to arrived late.	O colega a quem dei o convite chegou atrasado.
the couple	o casal
We have to send an invitation to the couple we rented the house to.	Temos de enviar um convite ao casal a quem alugámos a casa.
the support	o apoio
The couple we received the support from is very friendly.	O casal de quem recebemos o apoio é muito simpático.
to take care	cuidar
The man the doctor takes care of needs to rest.	O homem de quem a médica cuida precisa de descansar.
The woman you take care of needs your support.	A mulher de quem cuidas precisa do teu apoio.
The client the boss speaks about is not going to return.	O cliente de quem o chefe fala não vai voltar.
the trust	a confiança
The students I give my time to have my trust.	Os alunos a quem dou o meu tempo têm a minha confiança.
to trust	confiar
the friendship	a amizade
The friend I trust has my friendship.	O amigo em quem confio tem a minha amizade.
The person I showed the text to trusts me.	A pessoa a quem mostrei o texto confia em mim.
They are the couple I entrust my dog to.	Eles são o casal a quem confio o meu cão.
The people we give our friendship to are important.	As pessoas a quem damos a nossa amizade são importantes.
The friend about whom I speak has my trust.	O amigo de quem eu falo tem a minha confiança.