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### Expressing Location: "w" and "na"
To say where something is, Polish uses the prepositions **w** (in) and **na** (on/at). Nouns following these prepositions change their endings to the **Locative case**.

### The -u Ending
For many masculine nouns, like *park*, the Locative ending is **-u**. 

{{item:942726}}

Sometimes, a vowel inside the root changes. The masculine noun *pokój* (room) takes the **-u** ending, and its **ó** shifts to **o**: *w pokoju*.

{{item:942738}}

### The -e Ending and Consonant Changes
Many feminine and neuter nouns take the ending **-e**. Adding **-e** often "softens" the final consonant of the word:

- *szkoła* (school) → *w szkole* (**ł** becomes **l**)
- *biuro* (office) → *w biurze* (**r** becomes **rz**)
- *kino* (cinema) → *w kinie* (**n** becomes **ni**)

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{{item:942734}}

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### Feminine Nouns Ending in -y
If a feminine noun ends in **-ca** (like *praca* or *ulica*), it takes the ending **-y** instead of **-e**. 

{{item:942740}}

### Using "na" for Institutions and Open Spaces
Just like **w**, **na** requires the Locative case. Certain places traditionally use **na** rather than **w**, such as the post office (*poczta*) or the street (*ulica*).

Notice how the **t** in *poczta* softens to **ci** before the **-e** ending (*na poczcie*).

{{item:942744}}

{{item:942748}}

Expressing location (w, na)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
in / on (a day)	w
park	park
The child is running in the park.	Dziecko biega w parku.
She is sitting in the park.	Ona siedzi w parku.
cinema	kino
We are at the cinema now.	Jesteśmy teraz w kinie.
Are you watching a film at the cinema?	Czy oglądacie film w kinie?
school	szkoła
Are you at school today?	Czy jesteś dzisiaj w szkole?
The teacher is at school.	Nauczyciel jest w szkole.
office	biuro
My father works in an office.	Mój ojciec pracuje w biurze.
Does your brother work in an office?	Czy twój brat pracuje w biurze?
room	pokój
The dog is sleeping in the room.	Pies śpi w pokoju.
The man is reading a newspaper in the room.	Mężczyzna czyta gazetę w pokoju.
work	praca
I am at work now.	Jestem teraz w pracy.
We do not talk at work.	Nie rozmawiamy w pracy.
on, at / to (motion toward) / for (a meal) / for (waiting for)	na
post office	poczta
Are you at the post office?	Czy jest pani na poczcie?
We are meeting at the post office.	Spotykamy się na poczcie.
street	ulica
The old car is on the street.	Stary samochód jest na ulicy.
I see a dog on the street.	Widzę psa na ulicy.