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### Noun genders and "this"

In Polish, nouns belong to one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. To say "this", you must match the demonstrative pronoun to the noun's gender:

- **ten** for masculine nouns
- **ta** for feminine nouns
- **to** for neuter nouns

### Masculine: ten

Masculine nouns typically end in a consonant. 

*Exception:* The word **mężczyzna** (man) ends in **-a**, a typical feminine ending. However, because it refers to a male person, it is masculine and takes **ten**.

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### Feminine: ta and general "to"

Feminine nouns usually end in **-a** (like **kobieta** — woman). They pair with the pronoun **ta**.

While **to** points out neuter nouns, it is also used as a general pronoun meaning "this" or "it" for an unspecified object or idea.

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### Neuter: to

Neuter nouns often end in **-o** or **-e** (like **dziecko** — child). They pair with the pronoun **to**.

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### Here and there

Use **tu** for "here" and **tam** for "there". 

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### Asking "who"

To ask "who", use the question word **kto**. 

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### Distance

To describe distances, use adverbs like **daleko** (far away) or **blisko** (close).

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### The verb "to sleep"

The third-person singular form of the verb **spać** (to sleep) is **śpi** (he/she/it sleeps).

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Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
this (m)	ten
man	mężczyzna
This man is reading.	Ten mężczyzna czyta.
this (f)	ta
woman	kobieta
This woman understands this.	Ta kobieta to rozumie.
child	dziecko
Where is this child?	Gdzie jest to dziecko?
phone	telefon
This phone is there.	Ten telefon jest tam.
newspaper	gazeta
Is this newspaper here?	Czy ta gazeta tu jest?
who	kto
Who is here?	Kto tu jest?
window	okno
This window is far away.	To okno jest daleko.
to sleep	spać
Who is sleeping there?	Kto tam śpi?
This book is here and this newspaper is there.	Ta książka jest tu i ta gazeta jest tam.
This phone is close.	Ten telefon jest blisko.
This child is not sleeping.	To dziecko nie śpi.
This woman is reading and this man is reading.	Ta kobieta czyta i ten mężczyzna czyta.
Where is this chair?	Gdzie jest to krzesło?
Does she understand this?	Czy ona to rozumie?
Do you understand this, sir?	Czy pan to rozumie?
Yes, this window is close.	Tak, to okno jest blisko.