В ноябре темнеет рано, и мне хочется остаться дома с книгой.

Because в with the prepositional case is often used for months when you mean in a certain month.

• ноябрь = November
• в ноябре = in November

So this is the normal way to say in November.

Темнеет comes from темнеть, which means to get dark or to grow dark.

In this sentence, темнеет рано means it gets dark early.

This verb is often used impersonally in Russian, so there is no explicit subject like English it.

Russian often uses impersonal constructions where English needs a dummy subject like it.

So:

• Темнеет рано. = It gets dark early.

Russian does not need to say a separate word for it here. The verb by itself is enough.

Both can mean something like I want, but they are not exactly the same.

• я хочу = I want
  This is more direct and straightforward.
• мне хочется = I feel like, I have a desire to, I’m in the mood to

So мне хочется остаться дома sounds softer and more emotional than я хочу остаться дома.

Grammatically, хочется is also part of an impersonal construction:

• мне is in the dative case
• literally, it is closer to to me, it is wanted or I feel like

Because хочется works with the person experiencing the feeling in the dative.

So:

• мне хочется = I feel like
• тебе хочется = you feel like
• ему хочется = he feels like

This is a very common Russian pattern with impersonal expressions.

Because остаться is the perfective infinitive, and here it means to stay in the sense of to remain or to end up staying.

• остаться = perfective
• оставаться = imperfective

After хочется, Russian often uses the infinitive to express what someone feels like doing. In this sentence, остаться дома means to stay home.

Using остаться suggests a single complete situation: the speaker feels like staying rather than going out.

This is a very important difference.

• дома = at home
• домой = homeward / to home

So:

• остаться дома = to stay at home
• идти домой = to go home

Here the idea is location, not direction. The speaker wants to remain at home, so дома is correct.

After с meaning with, Russian usually uses the instrumental case.

• книга = book
• с книгой = with a book

In this sentence, дома с книгой suggests being at home in the company of a book, or spending time reading. It has a cozy feeling: stay home with a book.

Yes. В ноябре рано темнеет is completely natural too.

Russian word order is more flexible than English, and both versions are correct:

• В ноябре темнеет рано
• В ноябре рано темнеет

The difference is mostly about emphasis and rhythm.

• темнеет рано can put a little more focus on early
• рано темнеет is probably the more neutral order for many learners to expect

Because it joins two clauses:

• В ноябре темнеет рано
• мне хочется остаться дома с книгой

In Russian, when и connects two full clauses with their own predicates, a comma is normally used.

So the comma here is standard punctuation.

It sounds natural and neutral, with a slightly literary or reflective tone because of мне хочется and с книгой.

It is not overly formal, but it is a bit more expressive than plain everyday speech like:

• В ноябре рано темнеет, и я хочу остаться дома.

The original sentence feels softer, more atmospheric, and more emotionally nuanced.

It has an autumnal, cozy mood.

• В ноябре темнеет рано creates the setting: November, early darkness
• мне хочется остаться дома с книгой expresses a gentle personal desire

So the sentence does not just give information. It also suggests a feeling: when days get dark early in November, the speaker feels like staying in and reading.