Ten mężczyzna mówi, że ma jeszcze dług, bo jego wypłata wciąż jest za mała.

Ten means this and has to agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

• mężczyzna is masculine singular nominative
• so the correct form is ten

Compare:

• ten mężczyzna = this man
• ta kobieta = this woman
• to dziecko = this child

So ten mężczyzna is simply the normal way to say this man.

This is a very common learner question. Even though mężczyzna ends in -a, it is a masculine noun.

Polish has a small group of masculine nouns, usually referring to male people, that look like feminine nouns because of the -a ending. For example:

• mężczyzna = man
• kolega = male friend / colleague

They take masculine agreement, for example:

• ten mężczyzna
• dobry kolega

So the ending may look feminine, but the noun’s grammatical gender is masculine.

Że means that and introduces a subordinate clause.

So:

• mówi = says
• że ma jeszcze dług = that he still has a debt

Together:

• mówi, że... = he says that...

In English, that is often optional:

• He says that he still has a debt.
• He says he still has a debt.

In Polish, że is very commonly used in this structure.

Polish often omits subject pronouns because the verb ending already shows who the subject is.

For example:

• mówi = he/she/it says
• ma = he/she/it has
• jest = he/she/it is

From context, we know the person is the man, so Polish does not need to repeat on (he).

You could add on for emphasis, but normally it would sound unnecessary:

• Ten mężczyzna mówi, że on ma jeszcze dług...
  This sounds more emphatic, like it is he who has the debt.

Because mieć (to have) takes the accusative case for its direct object.

The noun is dług = debt.
Here it is the object of ma = has.

For many masculine inanimate nouns, the accusative singular looks the same as the nominative singular, so:

• nominative: dług
• accusative: dług

So:

• ma dług = he has a debt

Here jeszcze means still or yet.

So:

• ma jeszcze dług = he still has a debt / he still has debt

It suggests the situation has not ended yet.

Depending on context, jeszcze can also mean:

• more
• another
• yet
• still

In this sentence, still is the natural meaning.

Yes, both can often be translated as still, but they are used a little differently here.

• jeszcze in ma jeszcze dług means he still has a debt — the debt continues to exist
• wciąż in wciąż jest za mała means it is still too small — the salary continues to be insufficient

So both express continuation, but they modify different parts of the sentence.

A rough feeling:

• jeszcze is very broad and common
• wciąż often emphasizes ongoing continuation: continuously / still

Using both in one sentence is perfectly natural because they apply to different ideas.

This is a very important grammar point.

In Polish, swój usually refers back to the subject of its own clause.

Here the relevant clause is:

• bo jego wypłata wciąż jest za mała

The grammatical subject of this clause is wypłata (salary/paycheck), not the man.

So using swoja here would be wrong or at least very unnatural, because swój would try to refer to the subject of this clause, and that subject is wypłata.

That is why Polish uses:

• jego wypłata = his salary

Even though the man was mentioned earlier, the clause has its own subject, so jego is the correct choice.

Wypłata usually means pay, salary payment, or paycheck, depending on context.

It can refer to:

• the money someone receives from work
• the act of being paid
• a specific wage payment

In this sentence, it most naturally means something like:

• his pay
• his salary
• his paycheck

The idea is that the money he receives from work is not enough.

Here za means too.

This is a very common Polish pattern:

• za + adjective/adverb = too ...

Examples:

• za duży = too big
• za drogi = too expensive
• za późno = too late

So:

• za mała = too small

In this sentence, too small means not enough.

Because the adjective has to agree with wypłata, which is a feminine singular noun.

• wypłata = feminine singular
• therefore: mała

Compare:

• mały dług = a small debt
• mała wypłata = a small salary/payment
• małe dziecko = a small child

So in:

• wypłata jest za mała

the adjective is feminine because wypłata is feminine.

Because Polish normally uses być (to be) in sentences like X is too small / too expensive / too difficult.

So:

• wypłata jest za mała = the salary is too small

This is the standard equational/descriptive pattern:

• On jest zmęczony = He is tired
• To jest trudne = This is difficult
• Cena jest za wysoka = The price is too high

So jest is simply the normal verb is.

Yes, Polish word order is more flexible than English, although the original sentence is very natural and neutral.

For example, you might also see:

• Ten mężczyzna mówi, że jeszcze ma dług, bo jego wypłata wciąż jest za mała.
• Bo jego wypłata wciąż jest za mała, ten mężczyzna mówi, że ma jeszcze dług.

But different word orders can change the focus or sound more marked.

The original:

• Ten mężczyzna mówi, że ma jeszcze dług, bo jego wypłata wciąż jest za mała.

sounds like a normal, neutral statement. For learners, it is a very good model to follow.