Ho sonno e vado a letto presto.

Because ho sonno is the normal Italian way to say I am sleepy.

Literally, ho means I have, so Italian expresses this idea as I have sleepiness rather than I am sleepy.

So:

• ho sonno = I am sleepy
• sono stanco/a = I am tired

You would not say sono sonno, because sonno is a noun, not an adjective.

Ho is the first-person singular present tense of avere (to have).

So:

• io ho = I have
• tu hai = you have
• lui/lei ha = he/she has

In this sentence, ho sonno means literally I have sleep or more naturally I am sleepy.

Also, the h in ho is written but not pronounced.

Italian often leaves out subject pronouns when they are clear from the verb form.

So both of these are possible:

• Ho sonno e vado a letto presto.
• Io ho sonno e vado a letto presto.

Usually, io is omitted unless you want emphasis or contrast.

For example:

• Io ho sonno, ma lui no. = I’m sleepy, but he isn’t.

In your sentence, ho and vado already show that the subject is I, so io is unnecessary.

Vado is the first-person singular present tense of andare (to go).

So:

• io vado = I go / I am going
• tu vai = you go
• lui/lei va = he/she goes

Andare is an irregular verb, so vado is something you simply need to learn as a standard form.

In this sentence, vado a letto means I go to bed.

Because andare a letto is a fixed expression meaning to go to bed in the sense of going to bed to sleep.

So:

• vado a letto = I go to bed

Italian usually uses a letto without an article in this expression.

By contrast, al letto would usually refer more literally to the bed as an object or location, depending on context, and it is not the normal way to say go to bed before sleeping.

So the learner should remember:

• andare a letto = the standard idiom
• not normally andare al letto for this meaning

Yes. Letto means bed.

But in the expression andare a letto, the whole phrase functions like the English expression to go to bed. So it is better to learn it as a chunk rather than translating each word separately every time.

Useful related expressions:

• essere a letto = to be in bed
• mettere a letto qualcuno = to put someone to bed
• restare a letto = to stay in bed

Presto here means early.

So:

• vado a letto presto = I go to bed early

Be careful: presto can also mean soon in other contexts.

For example:

• Arrivo presto. can mean I’ll arrive soon or sometimes early, depending on context.

In your sentence, because it is connected to going to bed, presto is understood as early.

Because presto is an adverb, and in Italian adverbs often come after the verb phrase.

So:

• vado a letto presto = natural and standard

Italian word order is often flexible, but this is the most neutral order here.

You might move presto for emphasis in some contexts, but for a learner, vado a letto presto is the best pattern to remember.

Yes. Both verbs are in the present indicative:

• ho = present of avere
• vado = present of andare

In Italian, the present tense can often describe:

• what is true now
• a habit
• an immediate action
• a near-future plan, depending on context

So this sentence could mean:

• I’m sleepy and I’m going to bed early
  or
• I’m sleepy and I go to bed early

Usually, context tells you which reading is intended.

Not exactly. Ho sonno specifically means I’m sleepy or I feel like sleeping.

If you want to say I’m tired, Italian more commonly uses:

• sono stanco if the speaker is male
• sono stanca if the speaker is female

So:

• Ho sonno = I’m sleepy
• Sono stanco/a = I’m tired

Sometimes a person may feel both tired and sleepy, but the Italian expressions are not the same.

Yes. E simply means and.

So:

• Ho sonno e vado a letto presto. = I’m sleepy and I go to bed early / I’m going to bed early.

A small spelling note: the conjunction e has no accent here.

Do not confuse it with:

• è = is

So:

• e = and
• è = is

This particular sentence does not need to change.

That is because:

• ho does not change for gender
• sonno is a noun
• vado does not change for gender
• presto does not change for gender

So both a male speaker and a female speaker can say:

• Ho sonno e vado a letto presto.

Gender would matter only if you used an adjective like stanco/stanca instead.

You can do that to understand the structure, but it will not sound natural in English.

A very literal breakdown is:

• Ho = I have
• sonno = sleepiness / sleep
• e = and
• vado = I go
• a letto = to bed
• presto = early

But natural English is:

• I’m sleepy and I’m going to bed early. or
• I’m sleepy and I go to bed early.

So it is helpful to understand the literal structure, but better to learn the natural expression as a whole.