Sans tournevis, je ne peux pas finir ce petit travail de bricolage.

Sans tournevis means without a screwdriver. French often allows this kind of short prepositional phrase at the beginning of a sentence to set the situation first.

So:

• Sans tournevis, je ne peux pas finir... = Without a screwdriver, I can’t finish...

You could also place it later:

• Je ne peux pas finir ce petit travail de bricolage sans tournevis.

Starting with Sans tournevis gives it a little more emphasis.

After sans, French often uses no article when speaking in a general sense.

• sans tournevis = without a screwdriver
• sans argent = without money
• sans voiture = without a car

Using sans un tournevis would sound unusual here, because the meaning is general: the speaker does not have a screwdriver available.

If you wanted to refer to a very specific screwdriver, French would usually phrase it differently, for example:

• sans le tournevis dont j’ai besoin = without the screwdriver I need

Tournevis means screwdriver.

It is built from:

• tourner = to turn
• vis = screw

So the word literally suggests something like turn-screw. French often forms nouns this way. It is just the normal standard word for screwdriver.

Also, tournevis is masculine:

• un tournevis
• le tournevis

Standard written French uses the full negation:

• ne ... pas

So:

• je peux = I can
• je ne peux pas = I cannot / I can’t

In informal spoken French, people very often drop ne:

• je peux pas

But in careful speech and especially in writing, je ne peux pas is the expected form.

In French, negation usually goes around the conjugated verb.

Here the conjugated verb is peux from pouvoir:

• je ne peux pas finir

Structure:

• je = subject
• ne ... pas = negation
• peux = conjugated verb
• finir = infinitive

This is very common with two-verb structures:

• je ne veux pas partir = I don’t want to leave
• il ne peut pas venir = he can’t come

Because the subject is je.

The present tense of pouvoir begins like this:

• je peux
• tu peux
• il/elle/on peut
• nous pouvons
• vous pouvez
• ils/elles peuvent

So:

• je peux = I can
• il peut = he can

You may also see je puis, but that is more formal, literary, or used in fixed expressions like Puis-je...? = May I...?

Yes, terminer could also work here.

• finir = to finish
• terminer = to finish / to complete

In many situations they are very close in meaning. In this sentence, both are natural:

• je ne peux pas finir ce petit travail de bricolage
• je ne peux pas terminer ce petit travail de bricolage

Finir can sometimes feel a bit more everyday and direct, while terminer can sound slightly more like complete, but the difference is small here.

Because ce is a demonstrative adjective and it comes before the noun:

• ce travail = this job / this piece of work

The adjective petit also usually comes before the noun because it belongs to a common group of adjectives that often go before the noun.

So the order is:

• ce
  • petit
    • travail

That gives:

• ce petit travail = this little job

Because travail is masculine singular and starts with a consonant sound.

French demonstratives are:

• ce for masculine singular before most consonants
• cet for masculine singular before a vowel sound or silent h
• cette for feminine singular
• ces for plural

So:

• ce travail
• cet outil
• cette vis
• ces outils

Many French adjectives do come after the noun, but some very common ones often come before it. Petit is one of them.

So:

• un petit travail = a small job
• une petite maison = a small house

A useful pattern is that short, common adjectives about beauty, age, goodness, and size often come before the noun. Learners sometimes remember this with the label BAGS.

Here, petit is a size-related adjective, so before the noun is normal.

Travail means work, job, or task.

De bricolage means of DIY / repair work / handyman-style work.

So travail de bricolage means something like:

• DIY job
• little repair task
• bit of handyman work

The phrase de bricolage describes the type of work. It is similar to how French often uses de + noun to classify something.

It is very close to English DIY, but a little broader.

Bricolage refers to small practical jobs done by yourself, especially around the home, such as:

• putting up shelves
• fixing things
• simple repairs
• assembling something

So in this sentence, travail de bricolage suggests a small home repair or DIY task.

The comma separates the introductory phrase from the main clause.

• Sans tournevis = introductory circumstance
• je ne peux pas finir ce petit travail de bricolage = main statement

This comma is very natural in writing because the opening phrase sets the condition first. Without the comma, the sentence would still be understandable, but the comma makes it clearer and more polished.

It is understandable, but it is not the most natural choice.

French usually prefers:

• sans tournevis

rather than:

• sans un tournevis

because the meaning is general: no screwdriver is available.

The more natural versions are:

• Sans tournevis, je ne peux pas finir ce petit travail de bricolage.
• Je ne peux pas finir ce petit travail de bricolage sans tournevis.

If you mean a specific screwdriver, you would usually make that explicit:

• sans le tournevis adapté
• sans le tournevis qu’il faut

Travail is the neutral, standard word, so it fits very well.

Other possibilities exist, but they change the tone a little:

• travail = neutral, standard
• boulot = informal, often more like job/work in general
• tâche = task
• réparation = repair

For this sentence, ce petit travail de bricolage sounds natural and clear.
If you wanted a slightly different wording, you could also say:

• cette petite tâche de bricolage
• cette petite réparation

But travail de bricolage is perfectly good French.

Yes. In natural English, both are good translations.

• je ne peux pas literally expresses not being able to
• in normal English, that often becomes simply I can’t

So depending on context, it could mean:

• I can’t finish this little DIY job
• I’m not able to finish this little repair task

The French sentence itself does not force a big difference between those two English versions.