La fina raporto montras, ke nia progreso estis pli rapida ol ni atendis, ĉar ĉiu sekvis la regulojn paŝo post paŝo.

In Esperanto, the normal order is:

la + adjective + noun

So la fina raporto is the ordinary way to say the final report.

A few useful points:

• la is the definite article: the
• fina is an adjective ending in -a
• raporto is the noun

Esperanto adjectives can sometimes come after the noun, but before the noun is the most common and neutral order. So la raporto fina would sound unusual here.

Also, fina has no -j or -n because raporto is singular and not in the accusative.

Because nia already makes the noun definite.

In Esperanto, possessive words like:

• mia = my
• via = your
• nia = our

usually replace la, rather than appearing with it.

So:

• nia progreso = our progress
• not normally la nia progreso

Using la together with a possessive is only for special emphasis or contrast, not for ordinary sentences.

Because each verb shows its own time.

Here the idea is:

• the report now shows something
• that something is about what was true in the past

So:

• montras = shows, present
• estis = was, past
• atendis = expected, past
• sekvis = followed, past

This is very natural. The final report exists now, and it currently shows that the progress was faster than expected.

If the whole sentence were being told entirely from a past viewpoint, montris could also make sense in a different context.

Ke introduces a subordinate clause, like English that.

So:

• La fina raporto montras, ke...
• The final report shows that...

In Esperanto, ke is used very regularly after verbs like:

• diri = say
• scii = know
• pensi = think
• montri = show

English often drops that, but Esperanto usually keeps ke.

Because rapida describes progreso, which is a noun.

Here the structure is:

• progreso estis rapida = the progress was fast

After esti, Esperanto normally uses an adjective if you are describing what something is like.

So:

• rapida = fast, as an adjective
• rapide = quickly, as an adverb

Compare:

• La progreso estis rapida. = The progress was fast.
• Ni laboris rapide. = We worked quickly.

In your sentence, the progress itself is being described, so rapida is correct.

This is the standard comparative pattern in Esperanto:

• pli = more
• ol = than

So:

• pli rapida ol... = faster than...

Some examples:

• Ŝi estas pli alta ol mi. = She is taller than me.
• Tio estis pli facila ol ni pensis. = That was easier than we thought.

In your sentence:

• nia progreso estis pli rapida ol ni atendis

means the progress was faster than expected.

Because the missing idea is understood from the context.

In English, we also say:

• faster than we expected

without spelling out exactly what was expected.

Esperanto does the same here. After ol, the comparison makes the missing object obvious. The sense is something like:

• faster than we expected it to be
• faster than we expected that progress to be

So ol ni atendis is perfectly natural.

Yes, atendi can mean both wait for and expect, depending on context.

Examples:

• Mi atendas la buson. = I am waiting for the bus.
• Mi ne atendis tion. = I did not expect that.

In your sentence, the meaning is clearly expect, because it is part of a comparison:

• pli rapida ol ni atendis = faster than we expected

This is a very common use of atendi.

Because ĉiu means each one or everyone in a grammatically singular sense.

So it takes a singular verb:

• ĉiu sekvis = each person followed / everyone followed

Compare:

• ĉiu = each, every one, everyone
• ĉiuj = all, all people, all ones

So both can refer to many people, but the grammar is different:

• Ĉiu sekvis la regulojn. = Everyone followed the rules.
  Singular form, focusing on each individual.
• Ĉiuj sekvis la regulojn. = All of them followed the rules.
  Plural form, focusing on the group.

Because it is the direct object of sekvis.

The verb sekvi means to follow, and the thing being followed takes the accusative -n.

So:

• la reguloj = the rules
• sekvis la regulojn = followed the rules

It is also plural, so it has -j as well.

That gives:

• regul-o-j-n
• root + noun ending + plural + accusative

It is an idiomatic expression meaning step by step.

Literally, it is:

• paŝo = step
• post = after
• paŝo = step

So the image is step after step.

It functions like an adverbial expression, describing how the rules were followed:

• carefully
• in sequence
• one step at a time

You will often see this pattern in Esperanto. It is fixed and natural.

Because ĉar introduces a whole clause with its own verb.

Here we have:

• ĉar ĉiu sekvis la regulojn...

That is a full clause, since it contains the verb sekvis.

Use ĉar for because when what follows is a clause.

Use pro before a noun phrase, not a full clause:

• pro la pluvo = because of the rain
• not pro ĉiu sekvis...

So:

• ĉar ĉiu sekvis la regulojn = because everyone followed the rules
• pro bona organizado = because of good organization

Not completely. Esperanto word order is fairly flexible, but the sentence uses a very natural, neutral order.

For example, these parts are especially straightforward:

• La fina raporto montras
• nia progreso estis pli rapida
• ĉiu sekvis la regulojn

Because Esperanto marks grammar with endings like -n, you can sometimes move things around for emphasis. But that does not mean every order sounds equally natural.

So the given order is probably what a learner should imitate first.

Because rapida agrees with progreso, and progreso is grammatically singular.

In Esperanto, adjectives agree with the noun they describe in:

• number
• case

So:

• progreso = singular
• rapida = singular adjective to match it

Even if the idea of progress includes many actions or stages, the noun itself is still singular, so the adjective stays singular too.