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### How regular verbs work

In German, almost all verbs in their base (infinitive) form end in **-en**, like *lernen* (to learn) or *machen* (to make, to do). 

To use a verb in a sentence, you drop the **-en** to get the "stem" of the verb (for example, *lern-*), and then add a new ending depending on who is doing the action. 

### Talking about yourself: ich (I)

When you are the one doing the action, add **-e** to the verb stem.

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### Talking about someone else: er, sie, es

When talking about a third person (*er* = he, *sie* = she, *es* = it) or a singular noun (like *das Kind* or *der Mann*), add **-t** to the verb stem.

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### Expressing "like to" with gern

German doesn't use a separate verb to say you like doing an activity. Instead, you simply use the action verb and add the word **gern** (gladly) after it.

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### The Golden Rule: Verb in the second position

In a standard German statement, the conjugated verb must **always be the second element**. 

Most of the time, the subject (the person or thing doing the action) comes first, followed by the verb in position two.

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However, you can also put a time or place word at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis. If you start a sentence with a word like *jetzt* (now) or *hier* (here), the verb must **still** be the second element. This pushes the subject to the third position, right after the verb.

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### Describing actions (Adverbs)

In English, we often add "-ly" to an adjective to describe how an action is done (quick → quickly). In German, you don't need to change the word at all. The same word is used for both.

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Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Subordinate clauses for reasons (weil)

Question	Answer
to learn	lernen
I am learning.	Ich lerne.
The child is learning.	Das Kind lernt.
to make, to do	machen
something	etwas
I am doing something.	Ich mache etwas.
He is doing it.	Er macht es.
to play	spielen
gladly, like to	gern
I like to play.	Ich spiele gern.
The woman is playing too.	Die Frau spielt auch.
to buy	kaufen
I am buying a book.	Ich kaufe ein Buch.
The man is buying the house.	Der Mann kauft das Haus.
to laugh	lachen
I am laughing.	Ich lache.
often	oft
She laughs often.	Sie lacht oft.
now	jetzt
Now I am learning.	Jetzt lerne ich.
Now he is buying a book.	Jetzt kauft er ein Buch.
The dog often plays here.	Hier spielt der Hund oft.
fast, quickly	schnell
The dog is fast.	Der Hund ist schnell.
I learn quickly.	Ich lerne schnell.
He does it quickly.	Er macht es schnell.
The child likes to laugh.	Das Kind lacht gern.
Now I am doing something.	Jetzt mache ich etwas.
The cat is small and it likes to play.	Die Katze ist klein und sie spielt gern.