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Croatian

### Formal vs Informal "You"

In Croatian, there are two different ways to say "you" depending on who you are talking to. Use the informal *ti* with friends, family, children, and peers. Use the formal *Vi* with strangers, elders, and in professional settings to show respect. Notice that *Vi* is often capitalized in writing when used as a polite address.

The verb changes to match the pronoun. For the verb "to be" (are), use *si* with *ti*, and *ste* with *Vi*.

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### Saying "Excuse Me"

When you want to get someone's attention or apologize, you must also choose the correct level of formality. Use *oprosti* for informal situations, and *oprostite* for formal ones.

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### Your vs Your: Possessives

The word for "your" also changes based on formality. Use *tvoj* for informal situations, and *Vaš* for formal ones.

Just like other adjectives in Croatian, these possessive words must match the gender of the noun they describe. For example, a masculine noun takes *tvoj* or *Vaš*, while a feminine noun takes *tvoja* or *Vaša*.

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### Everyday Politeness

When ordering at a cafe or interacting in shops, you will often use standard greetings alongside *molim* (please) and *hvala* (thank you). These polite words do not change based on who you are talking to.

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Formal vs informal address (ti vs Vi)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and to be (sam, si, je)

Noun genders (-Ø, -a, -o/-e)

Demonstrative pronouns (ovaj, ova, ovo)

Plural pronouns and to be (smo, ste, su)

Masculine plural nouns (-i)

Feminine plural nouns (-e)

Neuter plural nouns (-a)

Full verb to be (jesam, jesi)

Negative verb to be (nisam, nisi)

Yes/no questions (je li)

Wh- questions (tko, gdje)

Regular present tense (-ati)

Regular present tense (-iti)

Regular present tense (-jeti)

Verb negation (ne)

The verb to have (imati / nemati)

Inanimate direct objects

Feminine direct objects (-u)

Plural direct objects (-e, -a)

Accusative pronouns (me, te, ga, ju)

Adjective agreement

Plural adjectives

Accusative adjectives

Numbers 1 to 10 (jedan, dva, tri)

The locative case (-u)

Feminine locative (-i)

The verb to go (ići)

Destination (u, na)

The genitive case (-a)

Accusative pronouns (nas, vas, ga, ih)

Animate masculine accusative (-a)

Adjective agreement for animate masculine (-og, -eg)

The verb can (moći)

The verb must (morati)

The verb to want (htjeti, hoću)

The future tense (ću/ćeš + infinitive)

The past tense: l-participle (radio, radila)

Past tense word order (Prvo sam radio...)

Past tense with plural subjects (-li, -le, -la)

Feminine genitive singular (-e)

Possession and origin (od, iz)

Negative existence (nema)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Genitive plural (-a)

Numbers 11 to 20

Past tense negation (nisam)

Past tense questions (jeste li)

Dative singular

Dative pronouns (ti, mu, joj)

Past tense negation (nisam, nisi...)

Double object pronouns (mu ga, ti ju...)

Reflexive verbs (se)

Reflexive clitic word order

Commands and requests (radi, radite)

Plural demonstratives (ovi, ove, ova)

Possessive determiners (moj, naš, njegov)

Greetings (Dobar dan, doviđenja)

The body: Boli me glava

Directions (lijevo, desno, ravno)

There is, there are (ima)

Politeness (molim vas, hvala lijepa)

How you feel (Sviđa mi se)

Counting by tens to 100 (trideset, četrdeset...)

Quantifiers with the genitive case (malo, puno...)

Adjective agreement in the genitive singular (-og, -e)

Adjective agreement in the genitive plural (-ih)

Genitive prepositions (kod, do, bez...)

Asking what kind and which (kakav, koji)

Possessive determiners (njegov, njezin...)

Possessives in the accusative case

The reflexive possessive (svoj)

Indefinite pronouns (netko, nešto, neki)

Negative pronouns (nitko, ništa)

The verb to need (trebati)

Reciprocal verbs (se)

Introduction to verbal aspect

Perfective verbs with prefixes

Perfective verbs with stem changes

Irregular perfective verbs

Aspect in the past tense

Aspect in the future tense

Vehicular motion (voziti se, putovati)

Arrival and departure ('doći', 'otići')

Entering and exiting ('ući', 'izaći')

Singular accompaniment ('s', 'sa')

Plural instrumental nouns (-ima, -ama)

Question	Answer
good	dobar
day	dan
Good day, sir. How are you today? (formal)	Dobar dan, gospodine. Kako ste Vi danas?
morning	jutro
Good morning, friend. How are you today? (informal)	Dobro jutro, prijatelju. Kako si ti danas?
excuse me (formal)	oprostite
from where	odakle
Excuse me, ma'am, where are you from? (formal)	Oprostite, gospođo, odakle ste Vi?
excuse me (informal)	oprosti
Excuse me, where are you from? (informal)	Oprosti, odakle si ti?
your (formal/plural)	vaš
Sir, is this your wallet? (formal)	Gospodine, je li ovo Vaš novčanik?
your (informal)	tvoj
Brother, is this your wallet? (informal)	Brate, je li ovo tvoj novčanik?
Excuse me, is this your bag? (formal)	Oprostite, je li ovo Vaša torba?
Excuse me, is this your bag? (informal)	Oprosti, je li ovo tvoja torba?
evening (f)	večer
Good evening, are you a doctor? (formal)	Dobra večer, jeste li Vi liječnik?
Good evening, are you a student? (informal)	Dobra večer, jesi li ti student?
please	molim
thank you	hvala
Good day. Tea, please. Thank you!	Dobar dan. Čaj, molim. Hvala!
Good morning. Coffee, please. Thank you!	Dobro jutro. Kava, molim. Hvala!
name	ime
Excuse me, sir, your name, please?	Oprostite, gospodine, Vaše ime, molim?
Excuse me, is this your name?	Oprosti, je li ovo tvoje ime?