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Feminine nouns ending in a consonant have two distinct forms in the instrumental singular. The form you use usually depends on whether the noun stands alone or is modified by an adjective or pronoun.

### The Standalone Ending: Jotation (-ju)

When a feminine consonant-ending noun stands **alone** (without any descriptive words attached to it), it typically takes the ending **-ju**.

Adding **-ju** directly to a consonant triggers a sound change known as **jotation** (merging the final consonant with the *j*). 
- For abstract nouns ending in **-st** (such as *ludost* or *svijest*), the combination of **-st** + **-ju** becomes **-šću** (*ludošću*, *sviješću*).
- For nouns ending in **-v** (like *ljubav*), the combination becomes **-vlju** (*ljubavlju*).

*Note on usage:* The instrumental case is used directly (without a preposition) after verbs like *ponositi se* (to be proud of), *baviti se* (to deal with), and *upravljati* (to manage). It also follows the preposition *s / sa* (with) to describe the manner in which an action is performed.

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### The Modified Ending (-i)

The rules become much simpler when you add a descriptive word. If the noun is accompanied by an adjective or a pronoun (like "my", "that", or "deep"), the complex jotated ending is usually dropped.

Instead, modified nouns take the simple **-i** ending. This makes their instrumental singular identical to their genitive, dative, and locative singular forms.

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Feminine consonant-ending nouns: Instrumental (-i, -ju, -ću)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and to be (sam, si, je)

Noun genders (-Ø, -a, -o/-e)

Demonstrative pronouns (ovaj, ova, ovo)

Plural pronouns and to be (smo, ste, su)

Masculine plural nouns (-i)

Feminine plural nouns (-e)

Neuter plural nouns (-a)

Full verb to be (jesam, jesi)

Negative verb to be (nisam, nisi)

Yes/no questions (je li)

Wh- questions (tko, gdje)

Formal vs informal address (ti vs Vi)

Regular present tense (-ati)

Regular present tense (-iti)

Regular present tense (-jeti)

Verb negation (ne)

The verb to have (imati / nemati)

Inanimate direct objects

Feminine direct objects (-u)

Plural direct objects (-e, -a)

Accusative pronouns (me, te, ga, ju)

Adjective agreement

Plural adjectives

Accusative adjectives

Numbers 1 to 10 (jedan, dva, tri)

The locative case (-u)

Feminine locative (-i)

The verb to go (ići)

Destination (u, na)

The genitive case (-a)

Accusative pronouns (nas, vas, ga, ih)

Animate masculine accusative (-a)

Adjective agreement for animate masculine (-og, -eg)

The verb can (moći)

The verb must (morati)

The verb to want (htjeti, hoću)

The future tense (ću/ćeš + infinitive)

The past tense: l-participle (radio, radila)

Past tense word order (Prvo sam radio...)

Past tense with plural subjects (-li, -le, -la)

Feminine genitive singular (-e)

Possession and origin (od, iz)

Negative existence (nema)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Genitive plural (-a)

Numbers 11 to 20

Past tense negation (nisam)

Past tense questions (jeste li)

Dative singular

Dative pronouns (ti, mu, joj)

Past tense negation (nisam, nisi...)

Double object pronouns (mu ga, ti ju...)

Reflexive verbs (se)

Reflexive clitic word order

Commands and requests (radi, radite)

Plural demonstratives (ovi, ove, ova)

Possessive determiners (moj, naš, njegov)

Greetings (Dobar dan, doviđenja)

The body: Boli me glava

Directions (lijevo, desno, ravno)

There is, there are (ima)

Politeness (molim vas, hvala lijepa)

How you feel (Sviđa mi se)

Counting by tens to 100 (trideset, četrdeset...)

Quantifiers with the genitive case (malo, puno...)

Adjective agreement in the genitive singular (-og, -e)

Adjective agreement in the genitive plural (-ih)

Genitive prepositions (kod, do, bez...)

Asking what kind and which (kakav, koji)

Possessive determiners (njegov, njezin...)

Possessives in the accusative case

The reflexive possessive (svoj)

Indefinite pronouns (netko, nešto, neki)

Negative pronouns (nitko, ništa)

The verb to need (trebati)

Reciprocal verbs (se)

Introduction to verbal aspect

Perfective verbs with prefixes

Perfective verbs with stem changes

Irregular perfective verbs

Aspect in the past tense

Aspect in the future tense

Vehicular motion (voziti se, putovati)

Arrival and departure ('doći', 'otići')

Entering and exiting ('ući', 'izaći')

Singular accompaniment ('s', 'sa')

Question	Answer
to be proud of	ponositi se
We are proud of love.	Ponosimo se ljubavlju.
madness	ludost
He is dealing with madness.	On se bavi ludošću.
envy	zavist
They look at us with envy.	Oni nas gledaju sa zavišću.
to manage	upravljati
awareness	svijest
We must manage the situation with awareness.	Moramo upravljati situacijom sa sviješću.
gratitude	zahvalnost
I will accept this gift with gratitude.	Prihvatit ću ovaj poklon sa zahvalnošću.
determination	odlučnost
She speaks with determination.	Ona govori s odlučnošću.
conscience	savjest
He struggles with conscience because of the lie.	On se bori sa savješću zbog laži.
sorrow	žalost
He spoke about the past with sorrow.	Govorio je o prošlosti sa žalošću.
tenderness	nježnost
She holds the baby with tenderness.	Ona drži bebu s nježnošću.
I DO want to be proud of your youth!	Ja se hoću ponositi tvojom mladosti!
Do not deal with that madness.	Nemoj se baviti tom ludosti.
With that envy, you will lose a friend.	S tom zavisti izgubit ćeš prijatelja.
He manages the project with new awareness.	On upravlja projektom s novom svijesti.
With deep gratitude, I remember the past.	S dubokom zahvalnosti sjećam se prošlosti.
With that determination, she will win the race.	S tom odlučnosti pobijedit će u utrci.
I sleep with a clean conscience.	Spavam s čistom savjesti.
We listened to that news with great sorrow.	Slušali smo tu vijest s velikom žalosti.
He looked at her with that tenderness.	On ju je gledao s tom nježnosti.
He did that for love with great joy.	Učinio je to za ljubav s velikom radosti.
There is no awareness without conscience.	Nema svijesti bez savjesti.