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### The Genitive Case

To explicitly state who owns something—like saying "the company's boss" or "the lawyer's secretary"—Turkish uses the **genitive case**. You attach a genitive suffix to the owner, and a 3rd-person possessive suffix to the owned item:

Owner + **-(n)in** & Item + **-(s)i**

### Suffixing the Owner

The genitive suffix follows 4-way vowel harmony (**-ın**, **-in**, **-un**, **-ün**). 

If the owner word ends in a consonant, attach the suffix directly:
- **şirket** (company) becomes **şirketin** (the company's)
- **patron** (boss) becomes **patronun** (the boss's)

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If the owner word ends in a vowel, add the buffer consonant **n** before the suffix (**-nın**, **-nin**, **-nun**, **-nün**):
- **araba** (car) becomes **arabanın** (the car's)

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### Consonant Mutation

Just as with other vowel suffixes, adding the genitive suffix to words ending in hard consonants (like **p, ç, t, k**) often causes them to soften. For example, **k** usually softens to **ğ** (yumuşak ge).

- **çocuk** (child) becomes **çocuğun** (the child's)

{{item:788937}}

### Saying Someone "Has" Something

You can use the genitive structure with the word **var** (there is) to express that a specific person has something. By saying "the student's question exists," you are saying "the student has a question."

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### Adding Spatial Suffixes

When adding a spatial suffix (like "to", "in", or "from") to a possessed item, you must insert the buffer consonant **n** after the possessive suffix.

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The genitive case (-(n)in)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
boss	patron
The company's boss is very rich.	Şirketin patronu çok zengin.
secretary	sekreter
Where is the boss's secretary?	Patronun sekreteri nerede?
The lawyer's secretary is very tired.	Avukatın sekreteri çok yorgun.
color	renk
What is the car's color?	Arabanın rengi ne?
The color of this cat is very beautiful.	Bu kedinin rengi çok güzel.
price	fiyat
The price of this dress is very expensive.	Bu elbisenin fiyatı çok pahalı.
The price of the ticket is not cheap.	Biletin fiyatı ucuz değil.
grade	not
The child's grade is very good.	Çocuğun notu çok iyi.
The student has a question.	Öğrencinin bir sorusu var.
roof	çatı
The roof of the house is very big.	Evin çatısı çok büyük.
The bird is flying to the roof of the house.	Kuş evin çatısına uçuyor.
owner / having / possessing (with dative)	sahip
Who is the owner of this dog?	Bu köpeğin sahibi kim?
The owner of the restaurant is sick.	Lokantanın sahibi hasta.
arm / handle	kol
The handle of the door is not working.	Kapının kolu çalışmıyor.
The man's arm is long.	Adamın kolu uzun.
end	son
The end of the film is very bad.	Filmin sonu çok kötü.
What is the doctor's name?	Doktorun adı ne?
salary	maaş
The engineer's salary is very good.	Mühendisin maaşı çok iyi.
The woman has a car.	Kadının bir arabası var.
The manager's last salary is very good.	Müdürün son maaşı çok iyi.
The teacher's note is short.	Öğretmenin notu kısa.