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### Past Tense Personal Endings

In the previous lesson, you learned how to form the direct past tense for the third-person singular ("he," "she," or "it") using **-dı / -di / -du / -dü** (and their hardened forms **-tı / -ti / -tu / -tü**). 

To talk about yourself or anyone else, you must attach a personal suffix directly to that past tense suffix. The past tense uses a specific set of personal endings that are slightly different from those used in the present tense.

Here is the full paradigm of past tense personal suffixes:

| Pronoun | Personal Suffix | Example (yapmak - to do) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Ben** (I) | -m | yaptı**m** |
| **Sen** (You) | -n | yaptı**n** |
| **O** (He/She/It) | *(none)* | yaptı |
| **Biz** (We) | -k | yaptı**k** |
| **Siz** (You, plural/formal) | -nız / -niz / -nuz / -nüz | yaptı**nız** |
| **Onlar** (They) | -lar / -ler | yaptı**lar** |

Notice that the suffixes for "I", "you" (singular), and "we" are just single consonants. They simply attach to the final vowel of the past tense suffix.

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### The Third-Person Plural (-lar / -ler)

For "they", attach the plural suffix **-lar** or **-ler** to the past tense suffix, following 2-way vowel harmony. If the subject is already stated as a plural noun in the sentence, this suffix is optional, but it is often included for emphasis or clarity.

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### Putting It Together

When telling a story or describing a sequence of events, you can mix and match these endings as the subjects change, or string together multiple verbs with the same personal ending.

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Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
forest	orman
to get tired	yorulmak
I got very tired in the forest yesterday.	Dün ormanda çok yoruldum.
last, previous	geçen
We walked in the forest last week.	Geçen hafta ormanda yürüdük.
to spend (money, time)	harcamak
I spent a lot of money last Friday.	Geçen cuma çok para harcadım.
We spent a lot of money at the supermarket.	Markette çok para harcadık.
mistake	hata
to make a mistake	hata yapmak
You made a big mistake on Monday.	Pazartesi büyük bir hata yaptın.
offer, proposal	teklif
to accept	kabul etmek
I accepted this offer.	Bu teklifi kabul ettim.
They accepted the nice offer immediately.	Güzel teklifi hemen kabul ettiler.
to get bored	sıkılmak
I got very bored and tired at the party yesterday.	Dün partide çok sıkıldım ve yoruldum.
I stayed at home today and got bored.	Bugün evde kaldım ve sıkıldım.
to solve	çözmek
The teacher solved this difficult question.	Öğretmen bu zor soruyu çözdü.
The students solved the difficult problem.	Öğrenciler zor problemi çözdüler.
to forgive	affetmek
You forgave me because I made a small mistake.	Beni affettin çünkü küçük bir hata yaptım.
My father forgave me.	Babam beni affetti.
to like, to admire	beğenmek
We liked the new car a lot.	Yeni arabayı çok beğendik.
He liked the new museum a lot.	O yeni müzeyi çok beğendi.
to be surprised	şaşırmak
The old man stopped and was very surprised.	Yaşlı adam durdu ve çok şaşırdı.
We stopped suddenly on the street and were very surprised.	Sokakta aniden durduk ve çok şaşırdık.

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