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### Someone: biri

**Biri** (someone) points at an unnamed person. It behaves like a noun and pairs naturally with **var**.

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### Only: sadece

**Sadece** (only, just) goes right before the thing it limits.

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### Supposing with sanmak

**Sanmak** (to suppose, to assume) makes a weaker claim than *düşünmek* (to think): you **sanmak** something you are not sure of. In the present it conjugates with **-ıyor**, just like the verbs you know.

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### Like This, Like That: böyle and öyle

This close pair describes manner, and the difference is distance — the same near/far logic as *bu* and *o*:

| Word | Meaning | Points to |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **böyle** | like this | something here, something I am showing |
| **öyle** | like that | something there, or what was just said |

**Öyle bir şey** literally means "such a thing":

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### Always: hep

**Hep** (always, all the time) sits before the verb or the predicate.

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Conversational essentials

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
someone / one (of them)	biri
There is someone in the house.	Evde biri var.
Someone is coming.	Biri geliyor.
only, just	sadece
I only want water.	Sadece su istiyorum.
There is only a cat in the house.	Evde sadece bir kedi var.
to suppose, to assume	sanmak
What do you suppose?	Sen ne sanıyorsun?
like that, so	öyle
I suppose so.	Ben öyle sanıyorum.
There is no such thing.	Öyle bir şey yok.
like this	böyle
I want a house like this.	Böyle bir ev istiyorum.
Don't do it like this.	Böyle yapma.
always, all the time / all (in 'hep beraber' = all together)	hep
He is always at home.	O hep evde.
The man is always drinking tea.	Adam hep çay içiyor.
certainly, of course	elbette
Of course I am coming.	Elbette geliyorum.
This book is certainly nice.	Bu kitap elbette güzel.
in my opinion	bence
In my opinion this house is very nice.	Bence bu ev çok güzel.
In my opinion the exam was not hard.	Bence sınav zor değildi.
to request	rica etmek
I requested a pen from the teacher.	Öğretmenden kalem rica ettim.
I am requesting something from you.	Sizden bir şey rica ediyorum.