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### Saying Hello: *hej* and *hej då*

**Hej** is the everyday Swedish greeting and it works at any hour, with anyone — a stranger in a shop, a colleague, a child. Swedish has no formal/informal split here the way German or French does; **hej** is simply what people say. You will also hear it doubled, *hej hej*, which is friendly rather than childish.

The farewell is **hej då**. Two words, and the stress falls on *då*.

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### Greetings for the Time of Day

| formula | when |
|---|---|
| **god morgon** | the morning |
| **god natt** | ONLY to someone going to bed |

**God natt** is not a greeting at all — like English *good night*, it is what you say on the way to bed. Note that both are frozen: *god* keeps its bare form before the en-word *morgon* and the en-word *natt*, and you should learn them as single units rather than assembling them.

### Two More Ways to Leave

**Vi ses** — literally "we see each other" — is the ordinary informal *see you*. **Ha det bra** ("have it good") is the warmer *take care*, and it is what you say when you will not see the person for a while.

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### Thanking, and the Reply

**Tack** is thank you. To make it warmer, Swedish lengthens it: **tack så mycket**. The reply is **varsågod** — one word in modern Swedish — which does double duty as *you're welcome* and as *here you are* when handing something over.

**Förlåt** is the apology. **Okej** is the borrowed all-purpose agreement, and it is entirely at home in ordinary Swedish.

### Meeting Someone

**Trevligt att träffas** is what you say when you are introduced — it uses *träffas*, the reciprocal form of *träffa*, so it means "pleasant to meet each other". **Välkommen** welcomes someone who has arrived.

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Greetings and politeness (hej, tack, förlåt)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite ending (barnet, hunden)

Indefinite articles and -ar verbs (en, ett)

Basic word order

Singular adjectives (stor, stort)

Plural adjectives (-a)

Sentence negation (inte)

Yes/No questions

Basic question words (vad, vem, var)

Regular Group 2 verbs (-er)

Short verbs and irregulars (har, gör)

The infinitive marker (att)

Modal verbs (kan, vill, måste, får)

Future intention (ska)

Time adverbs (imorgon, igår)

Word order inversion

Adverbs of frequency (ibland, aldrig)

Everyday things (dörren, stolen, tåget)

Definite suffix spelling changes

Plural nouns Group 1 and 2 (-or, -ar)

Plural nouns Group 3 (-er, -r)

Neuter indefinite plurals

Definite plural suffixes (-na, -a, -en)

Object pronouns (mig, dig, oss)

Reflexive pronouns (sig)

Expanded question words (när, varför)

Which and what (vilken, vilket, vilka)

Coordinating conjunctions (men, eller, för)

Prepositions of place (i, på, till, från)

Quantifiers (mycket, många)

Indefinite pronouns (någon, något, några)

First and second person possessives (min, din, vår, er)

Third person possessives (hans, hennes, dess, deras)

Reflexive possessives (sin, sitt, sina)

The genitive (-s)

Adjectives before singular nouns

Adjectives before plural nouns (-a)

Double definiteness (den, det, de)

Demonstratives (den här, det här, de här)

The imperative mood

Past tense of vara and ha (var, hade)

Possessives for names (-s)

Definite plural adjectives (de ... -a)

Genitive case for names (-s)

Numbers 1 to 10 (en, två, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elva till tjugo)

Counting by tens to 100 (trettio, fyrtio...)

Days of the week (måndag, tisdag...)

Months of the year (januari, februari...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (första, andra...)

Particle verbs of direction (gå ut, komma in)

Simple past: Group 1 (-ade)

Simple past: Group 2a (-de)

Simple past: Group 2b (-te)

Simple past: Group 3 (-dde)

Simple past: Group 4

Present perfect: Groups 1 and 2 (har)

Present perfect: Groups 3 and 4

Past perfect (hade)

Future predictions (kommer att)

Future with present tense

The adjective small (liten, litet, små)

Demonstratives of distance (den där, det där, de där)

Negative pronouns (ingen, inget, inga)

Universal pronouns (all, allt, alla)

The generic pronoun (man, en)

Possessive generic pronoun (ens)

Reciprocal pronoun (varandra)

Qualitative pronouns (sådan, sådant, sådana)

Habitual time expressions (på)

Specific past time expressions (i)

Past time expressions (för ... sedan)

Future time expressions (om)

Location and motion adverbs (här/hit, där/dit)

Consequences (så)

Correlative conjunctions (både ... och)

Either and neither (antingen ... eller, varken ... eller)

Verbs of opinion and belief (tycker, tror, tänker)

Subordinate clauses (att, om)

Time clauses (när, innan, medan)

Clauses of cause (eftersom, därför att)

Negation in subordinate clauses (inte)

V2 word order inversion

Relative clauses as subjects (som)

Relative clauses as objects (som)

Relative clauses for places (där)

Adverbs from adjectives (-t)

Adjective comparative and superlative (-are, -ast)

Irregular comparisons

Question	Answer
hello	hej
Hello! My name is Sara.	Hej! Jag heter Sara.
Hello, what are you doing?	Hej, vad gör du?
goodbye	hej då
I have to go now. Goodbye!	Jag måste gå nu. Hej då!
good morning	god morgon
Good morning! Do you want coffee?	God morgon! Vill du ha kaffe?
Good morning! I am tired.	God morgon! Jag är trött.
good night (only to someone going to bed)	god natt
Good night! I am going to sleep now.	God natt! Jag ska sova nu.
The child is sleeping. Good night!	Barnet sover. God natt!
thanks, thank you	tack
Thanks! The book is nice.	Tack! Boken är fin.
Thanks, I am well.	Tack, jag mår bra.
thank you very much	tack så mycket
Thank you very much! I am happy.	Tack så mycket! Jag är glad.
You help a lot. Thank you very much!	Du hjälper mycket. Tack så mycket!
you're welcome; here you are	varsågod
Here you are! Here is the book.	Varsågod! Här är boken.
Here you are, the coffee is hot.	Varsågod, kaffet är varmt.
sorry	förlåt
Sorry! I cannot come.	Förlåt! Jag kan inte komma.
Sorry, I cannot find the book.	Förlåt, jag hittar inte boken.
see you	vi ses
Goodbye! See you tomorrow.	Hej då! Vi ses imorgon.
See you tonight!	Vi ses ikväll!
See you in the park.	Vi ses i parken.
take care / to have a good time	ha det bra
Take care! See you soon.	Ha det bra! Vi ses snart.
I am leaving now. Take care!	Jag åker nu. Ha det bra!
nice to meet you	trevligt att träffas
Hello! Nice to meet you.	Hej! Trevligt att träffas.
Nice to meet you! My name is Emma.	Trevligt att träffas! Jag heter Emma.
welcome	välkommen
Welcome! The house is big.	Välkommen! Huset är stort.
Welcome home!	Välkommen hem!
okay	okej
Okay, I am coming soon.	Okej, jag kommer snart.
Is that okay?	Är det okej?

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