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Spanish (Spain)

### Reflexive verbs

When you do an action to yourself, Spanish uses a reflexive verb. These are very common when talking about daily routines, like getting up or taking a shower.

You can spot a reflexive verb in its dictionary form because it ends in **-se**.

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To conjugate these verbs, you drop the **-se**, conjugate the verb normally, and add a reflexive pronoun *before* the verb. 

| Subject | Reflexive Pronoun | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| yo | **me** | me levanto |
| tú | **te** | te levantas |
| él / ella / usted | **se** | se levanta |
| nosotros / nosotras | **nos** | nos levantamos |
| vosotros / vosotras | **os** | os levantáis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | **se** | se levantan |

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### Body parts and routines

In English, we use possessive words when talking about our bodies (e.g., "I wash *my* face" or "they brush *their* teeth"). 

In Spanish, the reflexive pronoun already shows whose body receives the action. Instead of using words like *mi* or *tu*, you simply use the definite article (**el**, **la**, **los**, **las**) before the body part.

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### More daily routines

Other common routine verbs include **peinarse** (to comb one's hair) and **acostarse** (to go to bed).

Keep in mind that some reflexive verbs are also stem-changing verbs. For example, **acostarse** changes its **o** to **ue** in most forms.

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Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
to get up	levantarse
Today I get up early!	¡Hoy me levanto temprano!
The boy gets up late.	El niño se levanta tarde.
to take a shower	ducharse
Do you shower early?	¿Te duchas temprano?
And you all, do you shower at the gym?	Y vosotros, ¿os ducháis en el gimnasio?
to wash oneself	lavarse
the face	la cara
I always wash my face.	Siempre me lavo la cara.
She washes her face there.	Ella se lava la cara allí.
the teeth	los dientes
They brush their teeth here.	Ellos se lavan los dientes aquí.
We brush our teeth later.	Nosotros nos lavamos los dientes luego.
the hair	el pelo
I wash my hair in the bathroom.	Me lavo el pelo en el baño.
Do you always wash your hair here?	¿Siempre te lavas el pelo aquí?
to go to bed	acostarse
I go to bed very late.	Me acuesto muy tarde.
My father goes to bed early.	Mi padre se acuesta temprano.
to comb one's hair	peinarse
I always comb my hair in the bathroom.	Siempre me peino en el baño.
My grandfather does not comb his hair.	Mi abuelo no se peina.
to me / myself (reflexive) / me (direct object)	me
to you / yourself (reflexive) / you (direct object)	te
to us / ourselves / us (direct object)	nos
to you (plural) / yourselves	os
himself / herself / themselves (reflexive)	se
I get up and I take a shower.	Me levanto y me ducho.
I go to bed early.	Me acuesto temprano.
Do you get up late?	¿Te levantas tarde?
Do you comb your hair in the bathroom?	¿Te peinas en el baño?
Are you washing your face now?	¿Te lavas la cara ahora?
We get up early.	Nos levantamos temprano.
We shower at home.	Nosotros nos duchamos en casa.
Do you all get up late?	¿Os levantáis tarde?
You all go to bed very late.	Vosotros os acostáis muy tarde.
She is taking a shower now.	Ella se ducha ahora.
My brothers get up early.	Mis hermanos se levantan temprano.
Where does your sister comb her hair?	¿Dónde se peina tu hermana?

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