Learn Spanish (Spain): ¿Te duchas temprano?

The verb for "to shower" is ducharse. In Spanish, daily routines like showering are often reflexive, meaning you do the action to yourself. Because the subject is "you" (informal), you use the reflexive pronoun te and place it right before the conjugated verb duchas.

Can I just say ¿Duchas temprano? without the te?

Not if you mean "Do you shower?". Without the te, the verb duchar means to shower someone or something else (like a dog or a child). To say that you wash yourself, you absolutely need the reflexive pronoun te.

Where is the word for "Do" in this question?

Spanish doesn't use helper verbs like "do" or "does" to ask questions. Instead, you just take the standard statement te duchas (you shower) and frame it with upside-down and regular question marks (¿ ?) to turn it into a question.

Would it be wrong to say ¿Tú te duchas temprano??

No, it is perfectly fine! The subject pronoun tú (you) is optional because the verb ending in -as and the pronoun te already make it clear who is showering. You would only add tú if you wanted to add extra emphasis.