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Spanish (Latin America)

### The verb *estar* (to be)

Spanish has two verbs for "to be." Use **estar** to talk about:

- **Locations:** Where someone or something is.
- **States:** How someone feels or temporary conditions (like being sick, tired, or ready).

Here is how to conjugate **estar** in the present tense. Notice the accent marks!

| Pronoun | Verb form |
|---|---|
| yo | estoy |
| tú | estás |
| él, ella, usted | está |
| nosotros, nosotras | estamos |
| ellos, ellas, ustedes | están |

### Talking about locations

To say where someone or something is, use **estar**, often followed by **en** (in, on, at).

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### Describing states and conditions

Use **estar** to describe temporary physical or mental states. Remember that adjectives describing states must agree in gender and number with the noun.

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State and location (estar)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (yo soy)

Noun gender and definite articles (el, la)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Complex prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de...)

Question	Answer
to be (location/state)	estar
office	la oficina
now	ahora
I am in the office now.	Yo estoy en la oficina ahora.
sick	enfermo
The boy is sick.	El niño está enfermo.
park	el parque
We are in the park.	Nosotros estamos en el parque.
ready	listo
They are ready now.	Ellas están listas ahora.
tired	cansado
You are tired.	Tú estás cansado.
The doctor is in the hospital.	El doctor está en el hospital.
school	la escuela
You are at the school.	Ustedes están en la escuela.
The brothers are sick.	Los hermanos están enfermos.
I am not ready.	Yo no estoy listo.
bank	el banco
The bank is in the city.	El banco está en la ciudad.
restaurant	el restaurante
The new restaurant is here.	El restaurante nuevo está aquí.
The lady is tired now.	La señora está cansada ahora.
You are in the new office.	Usted está en la oficina nueva.
We are in the big restaurant.	Nosotras estamos en el restaurante grande.
The dogs are in the park.	Los perros están en el parque.
The park and the bank are here.	El parque y el banco están aquí.
The teacher is in the school now.	El profesor está en la escuela ahora.
worried	preocupado
I am worried.	Estoy preocupado.
The lady is worried.	La señora está preocupada.
the cafeteria, the coffee shop	la cafetería
The school cafeteria is small.	La cafetería de la escuela es pequeña.
The restaurant and the cafeteria are here.	El restaurante y la cafetería están aquí.
the hamburger	la hamburguesa
The hamburger is on the table.	La hamburguesa está en la mesa.
I eat a hamburger at the restaurant.	Yo como una hamburguesa en el restaurante.