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Spanish (Latin America)

### The "Yo" Rebels

In Spanish, some verbs follow all the regular conjugation rules except for one: the **yo** (I) form. For all other subjects (tú, él, nosotros, etc.), they behave exactly like normal regular verbs.

Let's look at **salir** (to go out). Notice how the **yo** form gets an unexpected **-go** ending, while the rest are regular:

| Subject | Salir (to go out) |
|---|---|
| yo | sal**go** |
| tú | sales |
| él, ella, usted | sale |
| nosotros | salimos |
| ellos, ellas, ustedes | salen |

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Other common verbs in this "-go" club include **hacer** (to make / to do), **poner** (to put), and **traer** (to bring).

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### Conocer vs. Saber

Spanish has two different verbs that mean "to know," and both have irregular **yo** forms.

**Conocer** is used when you are familiar with a person, place, or thing. Its **yo** form ends in **-zco**: **yo conozco**.

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**Saber** is used for knowing facts, information, or knowing *how* to do something. Its **yo** form is very short and requires an accent mark: **yo sé**.

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### A Few More Exceptions

Two more very common verbs with unique **yo** forms are **ver** (to see / to watch) and **dar** (to give).

- **ver** becomes **yo veo**
- **dar** becomes **yo doy**

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Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (yo soy)

Noun gender and definite articles (el, la)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Complex prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de...)

Question	Answer
the weekend	el fin de semana
I make a lot of food on the weekend.	Hago mucha comida el fin de semana.
the place	el lugar
fun	divertido
I go out to a fun place on the weekend.	Salgo a un lugar divertido el fin de semana.
to know (people, places)	conocer
I know a fun place near the park.	Conozco un lugar divertido cerca del parque.
to put	poner
the clothes	la ropa
I put the new clothes in the suitcase.	Pongo la ropa nueva en la maleta.
to bring	traer
I bring a lot of clothes because I sleep in the hotel.	Traigo mucha ropa porque duermo en el hotel.
I know the city well.	Conozco bien la ciudad.
to know (facts) / to hear from (someone)	saber
I don't know the secret.	No sé el secreto.
I know where we can dance today.	Sé dónde podemos bailar hoy.
I go out to the park early.	Salgo al parque temprano.
I go out with my friend on the weekend.	Salgo con mi amigo el fin de semana.
I put on the music because the party is very fun!	¡Pongo la música porque la fiesta es muy divertida!
I watch a fun movie.	Veo una película divertida.
the people	la gente
People go out downtown on the weekend.	La gente sale al centro el fin de semana.
I bring the food to the party.	Traigo la comida a la fiesta.
Why do I go out with you?	¿Por qué salgo contigo?
to give	dar
I give a party and the people dance.	Yo doy una fiesta y la gente baila.
I give a class in the morning.	Yo doy una clase en la mañana.
to hear	oír
I hear a noise in the house.	Oigo un ruido en la casa.
I hear music in the park.	Oigo música en el parque.
the suit	el traje
I wear a suit at work.	Uso un traje en el trabajo.
His new suit is nice.	Su traje nuevo es bonito.
to do sport	hacer deporte
I do sport in the park.	Hago deporte en el parque.
My friends do sport here.	Mis amigos hacen deporte aquí.