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### Prefixes: ne-, re-, des- / dez-

The last lesson built nouns with *-re*. Romanian builds many more words from ones you already know, and once you can spot the pieces you can understand words you have never seen.

| prefix | meaning | base | new word |
|---|---|---|---|
| **ne-** | not | fericit (happy) | **nefericit** (unhappy) |
| | | plăcut (pleasant) | **neplăcut** (unpleasant) |
| | | cunoscut (known) | **necunoscut** (unknown) |
| | | vinovat (guilty) | **nevinovat** (innocent) |
| **re-** | again | a face (to do) | **a reface** (to redo) |
| | | a cunoaște (to know) | **a recunoaște** (to recognize) |
| **des- / dez-** | undo | a se încălța (to put on shoes) | **a se descălța** (to take off shoes) |
| | | a se îmbrăca (to get dressed) | **a se dezbrăca** (to get undressed) |

**Ne-** is the everyday Romanian *not*; you have already seen it on gerunds (*neștiind*). Some adjectives borrowed from Latin or French arrived with their own **in- / im-** instead: *posibil → imposibil*. With **des- / dez-**, write *dez-* before a vowel or a voiced consonant (b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v, z) and *des-* before a voiceless one (c, f, h, p, s, ș, t, ț). On verbs that begin with *în- / îm-*, it takes their place: *îmbrăca → dezbrăca*. Every one of these prefixes is written together with the word, never with a hyphen: *nefericit*, *reface*.

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### Suffixes: -tor, -os, -bil

| suffix | meaning | base | new word |
|---|---|---|---|
| **-tor** | a person, thing or place that does | a vinde (to sell) | **vânzător** (seller) |
| | | a încărca (to charge) | **încărcător** (charger) |
| | | a dormi (to sleep) | **dormitor** (bedroom) |
| **-os** | full of, having | gust (taste) | **gustos** (tasty) |
| | | zgomot (noise) | **zgomotos** (noisy) |
| **-bil** | that can be done | a accepta (to accept) | **acceptabil** (acceptable) |

Many **-tor** nouns name people: *cumpărător* (buyer) from *a cumpăra*, *locuitor* (resident) from *a locui*, *jucător* (player) from *a juca*. With **-os**, *prieten* (friend) gives *prietenos* (friendly). The stem sometimes shifts a little: *vinde → vânzător*, *pericol → periculos*. A woman who sells is a *vânzătoare*: **-tor** becomes **-toare** in the feminine. Adjectives in **-os** have four forms: *gustos, gustoasă, gustoși, gustoase*. Most **-bil** adjectives came into Romanian ready-made (*posibil*, *amabil*, *confortabil*). When **-bil** sits on a verb you know, read it as *that can be …ed*: *acceptabil* is *that can be accepted*.

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Building words: ne-, re-, -tor, -os (nefericit, reface, vânzător)

adjective

adverb

adverbial phrase

auxiliary

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The verb to be and definite articles (a fi, -ul, -le)

Feminine definite articles (-a, -ua)

Indefinite articles (un, o)

Negative sentences (nu)

Question words (ce, unde, cine)

The verb to have (a avea)

Masculine plural nouns (-i, -ii)

Feminine plural nouns (-e, -i, -le)

Neuter plural nouns (-uri, -e, -le)

Adjectives and agreement

Present tense of regular -a verbs

Present tense of -a verbs with suffix (-ez)

Present tense of regular -i and -î verbs

Present tense of -i and -î verbs with suffix (-esc / -ăsc)

Present tense of -ea and -e verbs

Reflexive pronouns (mă, te, se, ne, vă)

Accusative prepositions (în, la, pe, din, cu)

Likes and dislikes (îmi place)

Possessive adjectives (meu, tău, său)

Third-person possessives (lui, ei, lor)

Possessive articles (al, a, ai, ale)

Formal politeness (dumneavoastră)

Demonstrative adjectives (acest, acel)

Numbers 1 to 10

The number two (doi, două)

Numbers 11 to 20

Counting by tens to 100

Quantifying large numbers (de)

The subjunctive (să)

Third-person subjunctive (să)

Direct object pronouns (îl, o, îi, le)

Personal direct objects (pe)

Days of the week

Telling time (e ora...)

Months of the Year (January to June)

Months of the Year (July to December)

The Four Seasons

Weather Conditions

Rooms in a House

Basic Body Parts: Upper Body

Basic Body Parts: Limbs

Everyday Clothing

Basic Foods: Groceries

Fruits and Vegetables

Around Town

Getting Around

Setting the Table

A Colorful World

Common Animals

In the Wild

Jobs and Careers

Everyday Tech

Describing people (tânăr, bătrân, înalt)

Asking when and why (când, de ce, care)

Hello and goodbye (bună ziua, la revedere)

Coming and going (intra, sta, trece)

Where is it? (sub, lângă, între)

Knowing and thinking (știu că, cred că)

Sorry, welcome, congratulations (îmi pare rău, la mulți ani)

Introducing yourself (mă numesc, sunt din România)

How much and how many (puțin, prea, doar)

Can and may (pot merge, pot să merg)

If and whether (dacă)

At school and university

Irregular verbs in the present (vrea, lua, da, bea, sta)

Free time and sport

How much is it? (cât costă, câți, câte)

Before and after (înainte, după, până)

At the doctor (mă doare)

Meals of the day (micul dejun, prânzul, cina)

At the restaurant

Ability and permission (a putea să)

Obligation and necessity (trebuie să)

Desires and intentions (a vrea să)

Impersonal statements (se)

Adverbs of frequency (adesea, uneori)

Conjunctions for reasons and links (pentru că, deci)

Stressed accusative pronouns (pe mine, pe tine)

Indefinite pronouns (cineva, ceva)

Negative pronouns and double negation (nimeni, nimic)

The past tense auxiliary (am, ai, a)

The past tense (am, ai, a)

Regular past participles (-at, -it)

Regular past participles (-ut, -s, -t)

Negative past tense (nu am)

Question	Answer
unhappy	nefericit
He was an unhappy man.	Era un om nefericit.
Why are you unhappy?	De ce ești nefericită?
I didn't recognize you!	Nu te-am recunoscut!
Take off your shoes at the door, please.	Descalță-te la ușă, te rog.
I get undressed and go to bed.	Mă dezbrac și mă culc.
It's impossible to finish today.	E imposibil să termin azi.
Whoever sells is a seller, and whoever buys is a buyer.	Cine vinde este vânzător, iar cine cumpără este cumpărător.
The charger is in the bedroom.	Încărcătorul e în dormitor.
The city's residents are friendly.	Locuitorii orașului sunt prietenoși.
Our street is very noisy.	Strada noastră e foarte zgomotoasă.
Grandma's soup is very tasty.	Supa bunicii e foarte gustoasă.
The road is dangerous at night.	Drumul e periculos noaptea.
unpleasant	neplăcut
It was an unpleasant surprise.	A fost o surpriză neplăcută.
The weather was unpleasant all week.	Vremea a fost neplăcută toată săptămâna.
unknown	necunoscut
I got a message from an unknown number.	Am primit un mesaj de la un număr necunoscut.
Children don't talk to strangers.	Copiii nu vorbesc cu oameni necunoscuți.
to redo, to do over	reface
I made a mistake, so I'm redoing everything.	Am greșit, așa că refac totul.
The teacher asked us to redo the test.	Profesorul ne-a cerut să refacem testul.
acceptable	acceptabil
The price is acceptable.	Prețul este acceptabil.
The result is acceptable, but it isn't perfect.	Rezultatul e acceptabil, dar nu e perfect.

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