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### Stem-Changing Irregulars

As you learned in the previous lesson, to find the future subjunctive base of an irregular verb, you look at its *eles/elas* form in the simple past (*Pretérito Perfeito*) and drop the **-am** ending. Then, add the regular future subjunctive endings:

| Subject | Ending |
|---|---|
| eu / ele / ela / você | *(none)* |
| tu | -es |
| nós | -mos |
| eles / elas / vocês | -em |

Many common verbs undergo a stem change in the past tense, which carries over into the future subjunctive.

### The Verbs "ver" and "vir"

The verbs **ver** (to see) and **vir** (to come) must be handled carefully, as their forms can be easily confused in the future subjunctive.
- **ver**: The past tense is *viram*, giving the base **vir-**. (Notice that this looks exactly like the infinitive of "to come"!)
- **vir**: The past tense is *vieram*, giving the base **vier-**.

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### The Verbs "fazer", "dizer", and "querer"

The simple past *eles/elas* forms of **fazer** (to do/make), **dizer** (to say), and **querer** (to want) are *fizeram*, *disseram*, and *quiseram*. Dropping the *-am* gives us the bases **fizer-**, **disser-**, and **quiser-**.

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### The Verb "poder"

The past tense of **poder** (to be able to / can) is *puderam*, giving us the future subjunctive base **puder-**.

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The future subjunctive: Stem-changing irregulars

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the judge	o juiz
the court	o tribunal
the lawyer	o advogado
When the judge comes to the court, the lawyer will tell the truth.	Quando o juiz vier ao tribunal, o advogado dirá a verdade.
The lawyer has not arrived at the court yet.	O advogado ainda não chegou ao tribunal.
the accusation	a acusação
If the judge wants, the lawyer will make a new accusation.	Se o juiz quiser, o advogado fará uma nova acusação.
the defense	a defesa
If the lawyer says that, the defense loses the case.	Se o advogado disser isso, a defesa perde o caso.
innocent	inocente
When the judge sees that the man is innocent, the defense wins.	Quando o juiz vir que o homem é inocente, a defesa ganha.
We already know that the witness is innocent.	Já sabemos que a testemunha é inocente.
guilty	culpado
While the guilty man doesn't tell the truth, he has to stay in prison.	Enquanto o homem culpado não disser a verdade, tem de ficar na prisão.
He is guilty, but he already hid the proof.	Ele é culpado, mas já escondeu a prova.
the testimony	o depoimento
We have to hear the testimony when we can.	Temos de ouvir o depoimento quando pudermos.
The lawyer will bring the proof if the witness does a good job.	O advogado trará a prova se a testemunha fizer um bom trabalho.
the sentence	a sentença
The judge has already written the sentence.	O juiz já escreveu a sentença.
When we see the sentence, we will say everything to the client.	Quando virmos a sentença, diremos tudo ao cliente.
If the accusation comes today, the defense will do the same.	Se a acusação vier hoje, a defesa fará o mesmo.
against	contra
The accusation against the man is very strong.	A acusação contra o homem é muito forte.
We have to call the defense now.	Temos de chamar a defesa agora.
If the defense wants to speak, they have to wait.	Se a defesa quiser falar, tem de esperar.
I already heard the testimony against the client.	Já ouvi o depoimento contra o cliente.
As soon as he says something against the judge, the lawyer will make a scandal.	Assim que ele disser algo contra o juiz, o advogado fará um escândalo.