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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Indefinite articles

When you refer to non-specific items ("a", "an", or "some"), use an indefinite article. Just like definite articles, they must agree with the noun's gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural).

| | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| Singular ("a / an") | **um** | **uma** |
| Plural ("some") | **uns** | **umas** |

You will often use the verb **ter** (to have) to introduce objects you own.

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### Pointing out existence with "haver"

To introduce a new object into a conversation or state that something exists, use the form **há** (from the verb **haver**). It translates to both "there is" and "there are" and never changes form.

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Watch out for nouns like **o problema**. Even though it ends in "-a" (which is typically a feminine ending), it is a masculine noun. Therefore, it always takes the masculine article **um**.

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### Plurals: using "uns" and "umas"

In English, we often drop the article entirely when speaking in the plural (e.g., "They are new friends"). In Portuguese, it is very common to use the plural indefinite articles **uns** and **umas** (meaning "some").

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Remember that **há** remains the same whether it points to a single item or a plural group.

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Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
to have	ter
a / an / some (all forms)	um
the pen	a caneta
I have a book and a pen.	Eu tenho um livro e uma caneta.
the notebook	o caderno
You have a notebook here.	Tu tens um caderno aqui.
to be (there is / there are)	haver
there	ali
big / large	grande
There is a big dog there.	Há ali um cão grande.
the problem	o problema
Is there a problem?	Há um problema?
good	bom
the idea	a ideia
We have a good idea!	Nós temos uma boa ideia!
They (m) are some new friends.	Eles são uns amigos novos.
The girls have some big pens.	As raparigas têm umas canetas grandes.
There are some new notebooks there.	Há ali uns cadernos novos.
This is a new mobile phone.	Isto é um telemóvel novo.
This is a big problem.	Isto é um grande problema.
He is a very good doctor.	Ele é um médico muito bom.
Do you (formal, m) have a good idea?	O senhor tem uma boa ideia?
You (pl) have some beautiful houses.	Vocês têm umas casas bonitas.