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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Setting Rules with First Conditionals

In Portuguese, when you talk about a future condition that is likely to happen — such as setting rules and their consequences — you use a "first conditional" sentence.

When the word **se** (if) introduces a future possibility, the verb immediately following it must be in the **future subjunctive**. The other half of the sentence (the consequence) is usually in the future tense, often using *ir* + infinitive.

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This structure works exactly the same way for negative conditions.

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### Irregular Verbs in Conditions

If the verb in the **se** clause is irregular, remember to use its irregular future subjunctive base. For example, the future subjunctive of **fazer** (to do/make) uses the base **fizer-**. This comes in handy when talking about children throwing a tantrum (*fazer birra*).

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### Using Commands as Consequences

The consequence in a conditional sentence does not have to be in the future tense. You can also give an order or advice using the imperative. Just like in English, the **se** clause can come either at the beginning or the end of the sentence.

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First conditional clauses (se)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
to behave	portar-se
the allowance	a mesada
If you behave well, you will receive the allowance.	Se te portares bem, vais receber a mesada.
the punishment	o castigo
If he behaves badly, he will be grounded.	Se ele se portar mal, vai ficar de castigo.
to obey	obedecer
to forbid	proibir
the video game	o videojogo
If you do not obey, I will forbid the video game.	Se não obedeceres, vou proibir o videojogo.
the tantrum	a birra
When the child throws a tantrum, she does not obey.	Quando a criança faz birra, não obedece.
to disobey	desobedecer
If they disobey the teacher, the punishment will be strict.	Se eles desobedecerem ao professor, o castigo vai ser rigoroso.
the promise	a promessa
If I fulfill the promise, will you give me the allowance?	Se eu cumprir a promessa, vais dar-me a mesada?
the candy	o rebuçado
The grandfather promises: if you eat the soup, you will have a candy.	O avô promete: se comeres a sopa, vais ter um rebuçado.
If the boy throws a tantrum, we will forbid the candies.	Se o menino fizer birra, vamos proibir os rebuçados.
If you disobey again, you will not play the video game.	Se desobedeceres outra vez, não vais jogar o videojogo.
Buy the video game if they behave well!	Compra o videojogo se eles se portarem bem!
If he disobeys his mother, he will not receive the allowance.	Se ele desobedecer à mãe, não vai receber a mesada.
That is the school where the children will be grounded if they do not obey.	Aquela é a escola onde as crianças vão ficar de castigo se não obedecerem.
Sometimes the children throw tantrums and the parents promise punishments.	Às vezes as crianças fazem birras e os pais prometem castigos.
If you do not cry, you will receive a candy and a video game!	Se não chorares, vais receber um rebuçado e um videojogo!
If the little boy disobeys, do not keep the promise.	Se o menino desobedecer, não cumpras a promessa.
to bet	apostar
I bet it is going to rain.	Aposto que vai chover.
He bet ten euros on the game.	Ele apostou dez euros no jogo.

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