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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Adjective Placement

In English, we say "the white car". In Portuguese, adjectives almost always come *after* the noun they describe.

**[Noun]** + **[Adjective]**

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### Gender Agreement

Adjectives must match the noun's gender. Most Portuguese adjectives end in **-o** in their masculine form. To make them feminine, change the **-o** to an **-a**.

| Masculine | Feminine | English |
| --- | --- | --- |
| branco | branc**a** | white |
| preto | pret**a** | black |
| frio | fri**a** | cold |

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### Number Agreement

Adjectives must also match the noun's number. For regular adjectives ending in a vowel, add an **-s** to make them plural.

This means a regular adjective has four forms. Let's look at **velho** (old):

| | Singular | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Masculine** | velho | velh**os** |
| **Feminine** | velha | velh**as** |

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Adjectives always agree with the noun they describe, even when separated by a verb:

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Adjective agreement and placement

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
white	branco
fast	rápido
The white car is fast.	O carro branco é rápido.
black	preto
I have a black cat.	Tenho um gato preto.
The new bicycle is fast.	A bicicleta nova é rápida.
cold	frio
The cold soup is not good.	A sopa fria não é boa.
cheap	barato
The black coat is cheap and beautiful.	O casaco preto é barato e bonito.
clean	limpo
The white doors are clean.	As portas brancas estão limpas.
delicious	delicioso
They eat delicious cakes.	Eles comem bolos deliciosos.
old	velho
expensive	caro
The old houses are expensive.	As casas velhas são caras.
We have fast trains.	Temos comboios rápidos.
She buys an expensive mobile phone.	Ela compra um telemóvel caro.
dirty	sujo
My old book is dirty.	O meu livro velho está sujo.
The cheap restaurants are not dirty.	Os restaurantes baratos não são sujos.
The clean room does not have cold water.	O quarto limpo não tem água fria.
We eat a delicious cake.	Nós comemos um bolo delicioso.
thin	magro
The man is thin.	O homem é magro.
The thin woman is tall.	A mulher magra é alta.
fat	gordo
The cat is fat.	O gato é gordo.
The fat dog eats a lot.	O cão gordo come muito.
short (in height) / low	baixo
The boy is short.	O rapaz é baixo.
The low table is old.	A mesa baixa é velha.
bad / ill, unwell	mau
The dog is bad.	O cão é mau.
The cheese is bad.	O queijo é mau.
blond	louro
The student is blond.	O aluno é louro.
The blond little girl is small.	A menina loura é pequena.
dark-haired	moreno
The teacher is dark-haired.	O professor é moreno.
The dark-haired doctor is friendly.	A médica morena é simpática.
red-haired	ruivo
The red-haired boy is my friend.	O rapaz ruivo é meu amigo.
His sister is red-haired.	A irmã dele é ruiva.
elderly	idoso
The elderly man is tired.	O homem idoso está cansado.
The elderly lady lives here.	A senhora idosa mora aqui.
soft	mole
The sofa is soft.	O sofá é mole.
The cake is soft.	O bolo é mole.

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