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### Italian Verb Families

Italian verbs fall into three families based on their infinitive (dictionary) endings: **-are**, **-ere**, and **-ire**. Here, we will focus on the present tense of regular **-are** verbs.

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To conjugate a verb, drop the **-are** and add an ending that matches the subject:

| Subject | Verb Form (lavorare) | Ending |
|---|---|---|
| I | lavor**o** | -o |
| You (informal) | lavor**i** | -i |
| He / She / Formal You | lavor**a** | -a |

### The "I" Form (-o)

To say that "I" do something, add **-o** to the verb stem. Because the ending clearly identifies the subject, Italian speakers almost always drop the pronoun *io* (I).

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### The "You" Form (-i)

Add **-i** for the informal "you" (dropping *tu*). To ask a question, simply raise your tone of voice at the end of the sentence—the word order stays exactly the same.

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For verbs ending in **-iare** (like *mangiare* or *studiare*), do not write a double "i". Just use a single **-i**.

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### The "He / She / It" Form (-a)

Add **-a** for third-person subjects ("he," "she," "it," or nouns like "the doctor").

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The formal "you" (*Lei*) also takes this **-a** ending. Use it to speak respectfully to a stranger or a professional.

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### Adverbs

To describe an action, place adverbs like **bene** (well) or **molto** (a lot / very) directly after the verb.

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Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (il, la, l')

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Past tense of modal verbs

Question	Answer
to work	lavorare
I work here in the office.	Lavoro qui in ufficio.
to wait / to wait for	aspettare
I am waiting for the train.	Aspetto il treno.
to look at / to watch	guardare
I look at the screen.	Guardo lo schermo.
to listen / to listen to	ascoltare
I listen to the teacher.	Ascolto l'insegnante.
to study	studiare
I study a lot.	Studio molto.
to eat	mangiare
with	con
I am eating with Anna.	Mangio con Anna.
to speak / to talk	parlare
Do you speak Italian with Marco?	Parli italiano con Marco?
to buy	comprare
Are you buying two tickets?	Compri due biglietti?
Why aren't you listening?	Perché non ascolti?
Are you eating an apple?	Mangi una mela?
The doctor is working today.	Il medico lavora oggi.
She does not speak English.	Lei non parla inglese.
The lady is waiting for her husband.	La signora aspetta suo marito.
My friend is buying a new car.	Il mio amico compra una macchina nuova.
Anna looks at the painting.	Anna guarda il quadro.
The student studies here.	Lo studente studia qui.
well	bene
I work well with Marco.	Io lavoro bene con Marco.
He studies very well.	Lui studia molto bene.