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Icelandic

### Dreaming with Accusative Subjects

In Icelandic, verbs describing experiences that happen subconsciously or outside of your direct control often take a "quirky subject." Instead of the standard nominative case, the subject of these verbs is in the accusative case.

The verb **dreyma** (to dream) is one of these verbs. To say "I dream," you use the accusative pronoun **mig** instead of *ég*.

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If you state what you dreamt about as a direct object, that object is also in the accusative case. Both the dreamer and the dream itself take the accusative. The past tense of *dreyma* is *dreymdi*.

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### Suspicions

Like dreams, suspicions often occur to us as involuntary feelings. The verb **gruna** (to suspect) also requires an accusative subject.

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If you suspect someone *of* doing something, use the preposition **um** followed by an infinitive phrase (starting with **að**).

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If you simply suspect someone or something without adding an action, you just use an accusative object directly.

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### Describing Dreams and Suspicions

When recounting strange experiences or sudden suspicions, you will often use descriptive adjectives. Remember that adjectives must decline to match the case of the noun they modify, which will often be accusative when used with these verbs.

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You can also combine **gruna** with **um** followed by a noun to say you suspect someone of a specific incident.

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Subconscious verbs (mig dreymir, mig grunar)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Question	Answer
to dream	dreyma
I often dream about the future.	Mig dreymir oft um framtíðina.
terrible	hræðilegur
the nightmare	martröðin
Yesterday I dreamt a terrible nightmare.	Í gær dreymdi mig hræðilega martröð.
the snake	snákurinn
Which snake was in this nightmare?	Hvaða snákur var í þessari martröð?
I dreamt about this big one too!	Mig dreymdi þennan stóra líka!
to suspect	gruna
to betray	svíkja
I suspect you of betraying our friend.	Mig grunar þig um að svíkja vin okkar.
the enemy	óvinurinn
We suspect the enemy.	Okkur grunar óvininn.
the costume	búningurinn
The man in the blue costume intends to betray us.	Maðurinn í bláa búningnum ætlar að svíkja okkur.
Who do you suspect?	Hvern grunar þig?
real	raunverulegur
The terrible snake was way too real!	Hræðilegi snákurinn var alltof raunverulegur!
I dream of the enemy but the costume is not real.	Mig dreymir óvininn en búningurinn er ekki raunverulegur.
strange (bizarre)	furðulegur
the incident	atvikið
I dreamed about this strange incident.	Mig dreymdi þetta furðulega atvik.
Do you remember whether you had a strange dream?	Manstu hvort þig dreymdi furðulegan draum?
I suspect the enemy of the incident.	Mig grunar óvininn um atvikið.
What a terrible nightmare I had yesterday!	En hvað mig dreymdi hræðilega martröð í gær!
to occur to one (mér datt í hug)	detta í hug
A good idea occurred to me.	Mér datt í hug góð hugmynd.
Does anything come to your mind?	Dettur þér eitthvað í hug?

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