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Icelandic

### "That of" and "Those of"

When comparing things in English, we often use phrases like "that of" or "those of" to avoid repeating a noun—for example, "The stem of the tree is thicker than *that* of the herb."

In Icelandic, you achieve exactly the same thing by using the demonstrative pronoun **sá** (that) followed by a noun in the **genitive case**. The pronoun you choose must agree in gender and number with the noun it is replacing.

### Masculine: sá and þeir

If the noun you are replacing is masculine and singular, use **sá**. If the masculine noun is plural, use **þeir** (those).

{{item:1071917}}

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### Neuter: það and þau

For neuter singular nouns, the equivalent pronoun is **það**. When substituting for a plural neuter noun, use **þau**.

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### Feminine: sú and þær

Finally, if the noun being replaced is feminine and singular, use **sú**. (If you were replacing a feminine plural noun, the pronoun would be **þær**).

{{item:1071932}}

Pronominal substitution (sá)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Question	Answer
the stem	stilkurinn
the herb	jurtin
The stem of the tree is thicker than that of the herb.	Stilkur trésins er þykkari en sá jurtarinnar.
the leaf	laufblaðið
The leaf of this flower is larger than that of the herb.	Laufblað þessa blóms er stærra en það jurtarinnar.
the seed	fræið
edible	ætur
poisonous	eitraður
The seed of this tree is edible, but that of the herb is poisonous.	Fræ þessa trés er ætt, en það jurtarinnar er eitrað.
the bark	börkurinn
The bark of the tree seems to be stronger than that of the plant.	Börkur trésins virðist vera sterkari en sá plöntunnar.
The flower of the summer is more beautiful than that of the spring.	Blóm sumarsins er fallegra en það vorsins.
the thorn	þyrnirinn
The thorns of the rose are harder than those of the herb.	Þyrnar rósarinnar eru harðari en þeir jurtarinnar.
the petal	krónublaðið
The petals of this flower are red, but those of the herb are yellow.	Krónublöð þessa blóms eru rauð, en þau jurtarinnar eru gul.
We walk through the forest where the trees are larger than those of the park.	Við göngum um skóginn þar sem trén eru stærri en þau garðsins.
The root of the plant is edible, but that of the tree is poisonous.	Rót plöntunnar er æt, en sú trésins er eitruð.
the bud	knoppurinn
The bud of this herb is darker than that of the plant.	Knoppur þessarar jurtar er dekkri en sá plöntunnar.
The smell of the flower is sweeter than that of the bark.	Lykt blómsins er sætari en sú barkarins.
We examine the bark and the thorns on this tree.	Við skoðum börkinn og þyrnana á þessu tré.
No petal seems to be poisonous.	Ekkert krónublað virðist vera eitrað.
The stem is long but that of the flower is short, and the bud is red.	Stilkurinn er langur en sá blómsins er stuttur, og knoppurinn er rauður.
The leaf is big but that of the plant is small, and the seed is black.	Laufblaðið er stórt en það plöntunnar er lítið, og fræið er svart.