Após o trabalho, vou para casa.

In Portuguese, subject pronouns are often omitted when the verb form already makes the subject clear.

• vou = I go / I’m going
• So (eu) vou para casa is perfectly natural.

You can include eu for emphasis or contrast:

• Eu vou para casa, mas ela fica no trabalho.
  = I’m going home, but she’s staying at work.

Após means after.

It is correct and natural, but it sounds a little more formal or written than what many Brazilians say in casual conversation. In everyday speech, you will very often hear:

• Depois do trabalho, vou para casa.

Both mean the same thing here. A good rule of thumb:

• após → slightly more formal, common in writing
• depois de → very common in everyday speech

Portuguese uses definite articles much more often than English does.

So após o trabalho literally looks like after the work, but in natural English it is simply after work.

This is very normal in Portuguese:

• antes do almoço = before lunch
• depois da aula = after class
• após o trabalho = after work

When casa means home in a general sense, Portuguese usually does not use an article.

So:

• vou para casa = I’m going home

But if casa is being specified, then an article can appear:

• vou para a casa da minha mãe = I’m going to my mother’s house
• voltei à casa onde cresci = I returned to the house where I grew up

So:

• casa = home, in a general/personal sense → usually no article
• a casa = the house / a specific house

Vou is the 1st person singular present tense of ir (to go).

In Portuguese, the present tense can often express:

• a habit/routine
• a near future
• a planned action

So Após o trabalho, vou para casa can mean:

• After work, I go home (habit)
• After work, I’m going home (current plan)

Context tells you which meaning is intended.

Yes, grammatically you can, but it sounds more formal or literary.

In normal Brazilian Portuguese, people usually prefer:

• Depois do trabalho, vou para casa.
• Após o trabalho, vou para casa.

The simple future irei exists, but in everyday speech Brazilians often prefer the present tense or the structure vou + infinitive for future ideas.

Yes. Pra is a very common spoken contraction of para in Brazilian Portuguese.

So these both work:

• vou para casa → more neutral / careful
• vou pra casa → very common in speech

In writing, especially formal writing, para is safer. In casual texts, messages, and speech, pra is extremely common.

The phrase Após o trabalho is an introductory time expression. A comma after this kind of phrase is very common and helps readability.

So:

• Após o trabalho, vou para casa.

is perfectly natural.

In short sentences, some people may omit the comma, especially in informal contexts, but using it here is standard and clear.

Trabalho can be tricky because of lh, which is a special Portuguese sound.

A rough pronunciation guide is:

• trabalho ≈ trah-BA-lyoo

Notes:

• Stress is on ba: traBAlho
• lh is similar to the lli in million for many English speakers, though not exactly the same
• The final o in Brazilian Portuguese often sounds like u, so trabalho sounds closer to trabalhu

Yes, absolutely. They mean the same thing in this sentence.

Compare:

• Após o trabalho, vou para casa.
• Depois do trabalho, vou para casa.

The second one is usually more common in everyday Brazilian Portuguese.

Notice the form:

• depois de + o trabalho → depois do trabalho
• do = de + o

Because ir para casa is the normal way to say to go home.

Using à casa would usually suggest to the house, and even then it is not the most common choice in this context. For home, Portuguese strongly prefers:

• ir para casa
• voltar para casa
• chegar em casa

So if you mean home, use casa without an article in this expression.

Overall, it is mostly neutral, but após gives it a slightly more formal tone.

• Após o trabalho, vou para casa. → correct, a bit more formal or polished
• Depois do trabalho, vou pra casa. → more casual and conversational

Both are good Portuguese. The difference is mostly style, not meaning.