Podziwiam jej odwagę, a ona dziękuje mi za cierpliwość, kiedy uczymy się razem.

Because podziwiać takes the accusative case.

• odwaga = courage, bravery — nominative (dictionary form)
• odwagę = accusative singular

So:

• Podziwiam odwagę = I admire courage
• Podziwiam jej odwagę = I admire her courage

Here jej means her, and odwagę is the object of podziwiam.

Jej is one of those Polish pronouns that often has the same form in several cases.

In this sentence:

• jej odwagę = her courage

Even though odwagę is accusative, jej does not change here.

That is normal. Compare:

• jej książka = her book
• widzę jej książkę = I see her book
• lubię jej styl = I like her style

So the noun changes according to case, but jej often remains jej.

Because dziękować requires the dative case for the person being thanked.

The pattern is:

• dziękować komuś za coś = to thank someone for something

So:

• mi = to me / me (dative)
• mnie is not the normal form used here

Examples:

• Dziękuję ci = I thank you
• Dziękuję mu = I thank him
• Dziękuję im = I thank them
• Ona dziękuje mi = She thanks me

So mi is correct because it is the dative form of ja here.

Because with dziękować, Polish uses the pattern:

• dziękować komuś za coś = to thank someone for something

So:

• mi = to me
• za cierpliwość = for patience

Also, after za, this noun is in the accusative:

• cierpliwość is feminine
• nominative: cierpliwość
• accusative: cierpliwość

In this case, the form looks the same in nominative and accusative, which is common for many feminine nouns ending in -ść.

The full structure is:

• ktoś dziękuje komuś za coś

Meaning:

• someone thanks someone for something

In this sentence:

• ona = someone doing the thanking
• mi = the person receiving thanks
• za cierpliwość = the reason / thing being thanked for

So the sentence is built very naturally in Polish.

More examples:

• Dziękuję ci za pomoc. = I thank you for the help.
• Ona dziękuje rodzicom za wsparcie. = She thanks her parents for support.
• Dziękujemy wam za czas. = We thank you for your time.

Yes, Polish often drops subject pronouns because the verb ending already shows the subject.

• dziękuje = she/he thanks
• so the subject can be understood from context

However, ona is included here for clarity or contrast.

• Podziwiam jej odwagę, a ona dziękuje mi...
• I admire her courage, and she thanks me...

That ona helps emphasize the contrast between I and she.

Without it, the sentence would still be grammatical in many contexts:

• Podziwiam jej odwagę, a dziękuje mi za cierpliwość...

But with ona, it sounds clearer and more balanced.

Often yes, but not exactly in every context.

In this sentence, a links two clauses and suggests a mild contrast or comparison:

• Podziwiam jej odwagę, a ona dziękuje mi za cierpliwość...
• I admire her courage, and she thanks me for patience...

So a here is something like:

• and
• while
• whereas

It is not as simple as i, which is the basic and used to join similar items or ideas.

Compare:

• Ja piję herbatę, a on kawę. = I drink tea, and/while he drinks coffee.
• Mama i tata = mom and dad

So a is a very natural choice here because the sentence compares two people and what each one does.

Here uczyć się means to learn.

Polish has two related verbs:

• uczyć = to teach
• uczyć się = to learn

So:

• Uczę dzieci polskiego. = I teach children Polish.
• Uczę się polskiego. = I learn Polish.

In your sentence:

• uczymy się = we learn / we are learning
• się is necessary because this is the learn version, not the teach version

So kiedy uczymy się razem means when we learn/study together.

It can mean either, depending on context.

• uczyć się often means to learn
• but in many everyday situations it can also mean to study

So:

• uczymy się razem could mean:
  • we learn together
  • we study together

If two people are working through material side by side, study together may sound more natural in English. If the focus is on the process of gaining knowledge, learn together fits well.

Because Polish often uses the present tense in subordinate clauses like this to describe something that happens regularly, generally, or as part of the current situation.

• kiedy uczymy się razem = when we learn / when we study together

This can mean:

• whenever we study together
• when we are studying together
• when we study together as a regular thing

The exact English translation depends on context, but the Polish present tense is very natural here.

Yes, in many cases.

Both kiedy and gdy can mean when.

So you could say:

• kiedy uczymy się razem
• gdy uczymy się razem

The difference is mostly stylistic:

• kiedy is very common and neutral
• gdy can sound slightly more literary or formal in some contexts, though it is also common

In this sentence, kiedy sounds perfectly natural.

No, Polish word order is fairly flexible, though some versions sound more natural than others.

The original sentence is very natural:

• Podziwiam jej odwagę, a ona dziękuje mi za cierpliwość, kiedy uczymy się razem.

But you could move parts around for emphasis, for example:

• Kiedy uczymy się razem, podziwiam jej odwagę, a ona dziękuje mi za cierpliwość.
• Podziwiam jej odwagę, a ona za cierpliwość dziękuje mi, kiedy uczymy się razem.

The second alternative is more marked and less neutral.

So the original word order is a good standard model: clear, natural, and balanced.

It is in the accusative, because it follows za in the pattern dziękować komuś za coś.

But the form stays cierpliwość, because for many feminine nouns ending in -ość / -ść, nominative and accusative singular look the same.

For example:

• nominative: cierpliwość
• accusative: cierpliwość

So the case is different grammatically, even though the word form does not change visibly.

Podziwiać is imperfective.

That matters because imperfective verbs are normally used for:

• ongoing states
• repeated actions
• general facts

So podziwiam jej odwagę means something like:

• I admire her courage
• I have admiration for her courage

It sounds like a continuing feeling or attitude, not a single completed act.

That fits this sentence very well. A perfective verb would not sound right here for this meaning.

Yes, depending on context, but here it clearly means her.

In jej odwagę, it functions like a possessive:

• jej odwaga / jej odwagę = her courage

In other contexts, jej can also mean something like hers, especially after prepositions or in certain structures. But in this sentence, because it directly modifies the noun odwagę, the meaning is straightforwardly her.

Yes. It uses several very natural Polish patterns:

• podziwiać + accusative
• dziękować komuś za coś
• uczyć się
• optional use of ona for emphasis
• a to connect two contrasting but related clauses

So this sentence is a good model of everyday, idiomatic Polish. It sounds like something a native speaker could naturally say.