Ten sprawdzian nie był długi, ale jedna uczennica wyszła z sali bardzo zdenerwowana.

Ten means this (or sometimes that, depending on context), and it must agree with the noun it describes.

• sprawdzian is masculine singular
• so the correct form is ten

This is nominative singular masculine, because sprawdzian is the subject of the sentence.

Compare:

• ten sprawdzian = this test
• ta książka = this book
• to okno = this window

Sprawdzian usually means a test, quiz, or short written assessment in school.

It is not always exactly the same as English exam. A sprawdzian is often smaller or more routine than a major exam.

Related words:

• test = test
• egzamin = exam
• kartkówka = short quiz, often unannounced
• sprawdzian = school test/check of knowledge

Because the sentence is in the past tense.

• był = was
• nie był = was not

So:

• Ten sprawdzian nie był długi = This test was not long

The adjective długi agrees with sprawdzian:

• sprawdzian is masculine singular
• so the adjective is długi

If the subject were feminine, it would change:

• Lekcja nie była długa = The lesson was not long

Długi can mean long in both a physical and time-related sense.

Here it refers to duration, so:

• sprawdzian był długi = the test took a long time / was lengthy

Polish commonly uses długi this way, just like English uses long.

Jedna literally means one, but in sentences like this it often highlights that it was one particular girl or a single girl.

So:

• uczennica wyszła... = a schoolgirl / the schoolgirl left...
• jedna uczennica wyszła... = one schoolgirl left...

It adds a sense of contrast or specificity, almost like:

• but one student left the room very upset

It helps set her apart from the others.

Uczennica means a female pupil/student at school.

It is the feminine form of:

• uczeń = male pupil/student
• uczennica = female pupil/student

In English, student can refer to school or university, but in Polish there is often a distinction:

• uczeń / uczennica = school student, pupil
• student / studentka = university student

Wyszła is the past tense, feminine singular form of wyjść (to go out / leave).

Since the subject is jedna uczennica and uczennica is feminine, the verb must match that in the past tense.

Compare:

• uczeń wyszedł = the male student left
• uczennica wyszła = the female student left
• uczniowie wyszli = the students left

So wyszła tells you both:

• it happened in the past
• the subject is feminine singular

Because the preposition z meaning from/out of requires the genitive case.

Base form:

• sala = room, hall, classroom

Genitive singular:

• sali

So:

• z sali = from the room / out of the room

This is a very common pattern:

• z domu = from the house
• z klasy = from the classroom
• z pokoju = from the room

Be careful: z can also mean with, and then the case can be different depending on meaning. Here it clearly means from/out of.

Because zdenerwowana describes the girl, not the action itself.

• zdenerwowana = upset / nervous / agitated
• it is an adjective
• it agrees with uczennica (feminine singular)

So the meaning is:

• She left the room, and she was very upset when she did so

If you used an adverb, it would describe how she left, not what emotional state she was in in the same way.

This kind of adjective after a verb of movement is very natural in Polish.

Because Polish can use an adjective here as a subject complement after a verb like wyszła.

The structure means something like:

• She left the room very upset
• not necessarily She was very upset as a separate full clause

Polish often does this without adding była:

• Wrócił zmęczony = He came back tired
• Wyszła z domu zła = She left the house angry
• Przyszli spóźnieni = They arrived late

If you said była zdenerwowana, that would make it a separate statement:

• ...i była bardzo zdenerwowana = ...and she was very upset

But the original sentence is more compact and natural.

Because bardzo modifies the adjective zdenerwowana.

• bardzo zdenerwowana = very upset

This is the normal order in Polish:

• bardzo zmęczony = very tired
• bardzo trudny = very difficult
• bardzo miła = very nice

So bardzo comes directly before the word it intensifies.

Yes, Polish word order is more flexible than English, although some versions sound more natural than others.

Original:

• Ten sprawdzian nie był długi, ale jedna uczennica wyszła z sali bardzo zdenerwowana.

Possible variations:

• Jedna uczennica wyszła z sali bardzo zdenerwowana.
• Bardzo zdenerwowana jedna uczennica wyszła z sali.
• Z sali wyszła jedna uczennica, bardzo zdenerwowana.

These shifts change the focus or emphasis, not the core meaning.

The original sounds neutral and natural: first the speaker comments on the test, then adds what happened to one student.

Ale means but.

It shows a contrast:

• The test wasn’t long
• but one schoolgirl still left the room very upset

So the idea is that the second part is somewhat surprising compared with the first. Even though the test was not long, someone still reacted strongly.

It can cover several related ideas depending on context:

• upset
• agitated
• stressed
• nervous
• sometimes even annoyed

The verb behind it is denerwować / zdenerwować, which relates to upsetting, irritating, or making someone nervous.

So bardzo zdenerwowana does not always mean purely angry. In this sentence, very upset or very agitated is probably the safest interpretation.