Mój tata pije rano czarną kawę, a ja wolę herbatę z miodem.

Both mean my father, but they feel different in tone:

• tata = dad, more everyday and warm
• ojciec = father, more formal or neutral

So Mój tata pije rano czarną kawę sounds natural and conversational, like normal spoken Polish.

Mój has to match the noun it describes.

• tata is grammatically masculine
• so the possessive adjective must also be masculine: mój tata

Compare:

• mój brat = my brother
• moja mama = my mother
• moje dziecko = my child

Even though tata ends in -a, it is still a masculine noun.

These are just different verb forms, matching different subjects.

• mój tata pije = my dad drinks
• ja wolę = I prefer

So:

• pić = to drink

  • piję = I drink
  • pije = he/she/it drinks

• woleć = to prefer

  • wolę = I prefer
  • woli = he/she/it prefers

Polish verbs change according to the person, so you usually know who is doing the action from the verb ending.

Because they are the direct objects of the verbs:

• pije what? → czarną kawę
• wolę what? → herbatę z miodem

In Polish, direct objects often go into the accusative case.

For these feminine nouns:

• czarna kawa → czarną kawę
• herbata → herbatę

The adjective also changes to match the noun:

• nominative: czarna kawa
• accusative: czarną kawę

This is very common in Polish.

Because the preposition z meaning with requires the instrumental case.

So:

• miód = honey
• z miodem = with honey

This is a standard pattern:

• z cukrem = with sugar
• z mlekiem = with milk
• z cytryną = with lemon

So herbatę z miodem literally means tea with honey.

Rano means in the morning or simply in the morning time.

In this sentence:

• Mój tata pije rano czarną kawę = My dad drinks black coffee in the morning.

It is an adverb of time. Polish often uses rano without any extra word like in.

You can also see:

• dziś rano = this morning
• jutro rano = tomorrow morning

Yes, it could.

Polish often drops subject pronouns because the verb ending already shows the subject:

• wolę already means I prefer

So both are possible:

• a ja wolę herbatę z miodem
• a wolę herbatę z miodem

Including ja adds emphasis or contrast. Here it helps create the contrast:

• my dad drinks coffee, and I prefer tea

So ja is not necessary for grammar, but it is useful for emphasis.

A often translates as and, but here it has a slight contrastive feeling, something like:

• and
• while
• whereas
• sometimes even but in a mild way

So in this sentence:

• Mój tata pije rano czarną kawę, a ja wolę herbatę z miodem.

the idea is:

• My dad drinks black coffee in the morning, while I prefer tea with honey.

It links two ideas and gently contrasts them.

No, Polish word order is fairly flexible, though some orders sound more natural than others.

The original sentence is very natural:

• Mój tata pije rano czarną kawę, a ja wolę herbatę z miodem.

But other versions are possible, with different emphasis:

• Rano mój tata pije czarną kawę, a ja wolę herbatę z miodem.
  Emphasizes in the morning

• Mój tata rano pije czarną kawę, a ja wolę herbatę z miodem.
  Also natural

• Czarną kawę mój tata pije rano...
  Stronger emphasis on black coffee

Because Polish uses case endings, word order can move more freely than in English.

Polish has no articles, so there is no direct equivalent of a/an/the.

That means:

• czarną kawę can mean a black coffee or the black coffee, depending on context
• herbatę can mean tea, a tea, or the tea

You understand the exact meaning from context, not from an article.

It most naturally sounds like a habit or regular preference.

That is because:

• pić is an imperfective verb, often used for repeated or ongoing actions
• woleć expresses a general preference

So the sentence suggests something like:

• My dad drinks black coffee in the morning, and I prefer tea with honey.

It does not strongly sound like one single event unless the context makes it clear.

Because adjectives in Polish must agree with the noun they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

Here the noun kawa becomes accusative singular:

• kawa → kawę

So the adjective must also become accusative singular feminine:

• czarna → czarną

That agreement is essential in Polish:

• czarna kawa = black coffee
• widzę czarną kawę = I see black coffee
• lubię czarną kawę = I like black coffee

Yes, but the meaning changes.

• wolę herbatę z miodem = I prefer tea with honey
• lubię herbatę z miodem = I like tea with honey

Wolę implies comparison, even if the thing being compared is not said directly. In this sentence, the contrast is with the father’s coffee.

So wolę works especially well because the sentence sets up two different preferences.