Fryzjer powiedział, że broda mojego wujka wygląda dobrze, ale włosy są już za długie.

Powiedział is the past tense, masculine singular form of powiedzieć.

It matches fryzjer, which is a masculine singular noun. In Polish, past tense verbs agree with the subject in gender and number.

• fryzjer powiedział = a male barber said
• fryzjerka powiedziała = a female hairdresser said

So this form tells you that the speaker is referring to a male barber.

Because Polish punctuation normally requires them here.

• że introduces a subordinate clause, so a comma comes before it.
• ale means but, and Polish also puts a comma before this kind of coordinating conjunction.

So the commas are not optional style choices here; they are standard punctuation.

Because Polish uses the genitive case to show possession in this structure.

• mój wujek = my uncle, as the subject form
• mojego wujka = of my uncle

So:

• broda mojego wujka = my uncle’s beard or literally the beard of my uncle

Both mojego and wujka are in the genitive singular to match this possessive idea.

Broda mojego wujka is the most neutral, natural order.

In Polish, the possessed thing often comes first, and the owner follows in the genitive:

• broda mojego wujka
• samochód mojej siostry
• dom nauczyciela

You can sometimes change the order for emphasis or style, but mojego wujka broda sounds marked, poetic, or contrastive rather than neutral everyday Polish.

Because with wyglądać, Polish commonly uses an adverb such as dobrze, źle, ładnie, and so on.

So:

• wygląda dobrze = looks good
• wygląda źle = looks bad
• wygląda ładnie = looks nice

This is normal Polish usage. English says looks good, where good is an adjective, but Polish prefers the adverb dobrze in this pattern.

Because Polish usually treats someone’s hair as a plural noun: włosy.

• włosy = hair, meaning the hair on someone’s head
• włos = one hair, one strand

So:

• Masz długie włosy. = You have long hair.
• Mam włos na koszuli. = I have a hair on my shirt.

This is a very common difference between Polish and English.

Because the subject is włosy, which is plural.

• jest = is, for singular subjects
• są = are, for plural subjects

So:

• broda wygląda dobrze — singular subject
• włosy są za długie — plural subject

The verb must agree with the subject in number.

Here za means too or excessively.

So:

• za długie = too long
• za drogie = too expensive
• za późno = too late

This is different from other meanings of za such as behind or beyond. In front of an adjective or adverb, za often means too.

Because it agrees with włosy.

The noun włos is masculine in the singular, but włosy is a plural noun that is not masculine personal, so in the nominative plural the adjective takes the -e / -ie type ending:

• długie włosy
• krótkie włosy
• mokre włosy

That is why you get:

• włosy są za długie

not a masculine-personal form like dłudzy, which would be used for groups of men and would not fit here.

Już adds the sense of already, by now, or at this point.

So włosy są już za długie suggests that the hair has reached the point where it is now too long. It often gives a sense of change or a threshold being crossed.

Compare:

• włosy są za długie = the hair is too long
• włosy są już za długie = the hair is already / now too long

It introduces the whole reported statement.

So after powiedział, że..., everything that follows is what the barber said, and inside that reported clause you have two parts joined by ale:

1. broda mojego wujka wygląda dobrze
2. ale włosy są już za długie

So the structure is:

• Fryzjer powiedział
  • that-clause
• inside the that-clause, two ideas are contrasted with ale

Yes, Polish word order is fairly flexible, but the version given is the most neutral and natural.

For example, you could rearrange parts for emphasis, but the focus would change:

• Fryzjer powiedział, że broda mojego wujka wygląda dobrze... — neutral
• Fryzjer powiedział, że dobrze wygląda broda mojego wujka... — more emphasis on dobrze
• Włosy są już za długie — neutral
• Już włosy są za długie — possible, but less natural in ordinary speech

So yes, other orders are possible, but the original sentence is a very standard one.