Szefowa pozwoliła mi wyjść wcześniej z pracy.

Szefowa means female boss / woman manager. Polish often marks gender in nouns referring to people:

• szef = a male boss, or sometimes a boss in a gender-neutral way in some contexts
• szefowa = a female boss

In this sentence, the speaker is talking about a woman, so szefowa is used.

Because the subject, szefowa, is feminine.

In the past tense, Polish verbs agree with the gender of the subject:

• pozwolił = he allowed
• pozwoliła = she allowed
• pozwoliło = it allowed

So:

• Szef pozwolił mi... = The male boss allowed me...
• Szefowa pozwoliła mi... = The female boss allowed me...

Because the verb pozwolić takes the dative case for the person who is allowed to do something.

The pattern is:

• pozwolić komuś zrobić coś = to allow someone to do something

Here:

• mi = to me
• komu? = to whom?

So:

• Szefowa pozwoliła mi wyjść... = The boss allowed me to leave...

mnie is also possible in Polish, but usually for emphasis, contrast, or after some prepositions. In a neutral sentence, mi sounds most natural.

Because after pozwolić, Polish normally uses an infinitive, just like English often uses to + verb.

Pattern:

• pozwolić komuś + infinitive

Examples:

• Pozwoliła mi wyjść. = She allowed me to leave.
• Pozwolił mi usiąść. = He allowed me to sit down.
• Pozwolili nam wejść. = They allowed us to enter.

So wyjść is the action that was allowed.

Wyjść is the perfective form, and wychodzić is the imperfective form.

In this sentence, wyjść is used because it refers to one completed act of leaving. The boss allowed the speaker to leave on that particular occasion.

• wyjść = to go out / leave, as a completed action
• wychodzić = to be leaving / to leave repeatedly or in a general sense

With pozwolić, the perfective infinitive is very common when talking about permission for a single action:

• Pozwoliła mi wyjść wcześniej. = permission for one actual leaving event

Wcześniej is an adverb meaning earlier.

In this sentence it means the speaker was allowed to leave earlier than usual / earlier than expected.

Compare:

• wcześnie = early
• wcześniej = earlier

So:

• wyjść wcześnie = to leave early
• wyjść wcześniej = to leave earlier

In many real situations, both can appear, but wcześniej often implies comparison with the normal time.

Z pracy means from work.

The preposition z often means from / out of, and after z, Polish uses the genitive case.

So:

• base form: praca = work
• after z: z pracy = from work

This is why it is not z praca.

The sentence literally has the idea:

• leave earlier from work

Which sounds natural in Polish.

More or less, yes:

• Szefowa = female boss
• pozwoliła = allowed
• mi = me / to me
• wyjść = to leave / go out
• wcześniej = earlier
• z pracy = from work

A very literal version would be:

The female boss allowed me to leave earlier from work.

Natural English would usually be:

My boss let me leave work early or My boss allowed me to leave work early.

Yes. Polish word order is more flexible than English, because the endings show grammatical relationships.

The neutral order here is:

• Szefowa pozwoliła mi wyjść wcześniej z pracy.

But you could also say:

• Szefowa pozwoliła mi wcześniej wyjść z pracy.
• Szefowa pozwoliła mi wyjść z pracy wcześniej.

These versions are all understandable, but they can slightly shift emphasis.

For example:

• wcześniej earlier in the sentence may put more focus on earlier
• z pracy earlier may highlight from work

The original sentence sounds very natural.

Because Polish infinitives do not need a separate word like English to.

In English:

• to leave

In Polish:

• wyjść

The infinitive ending itself shows that it is the basic verb form. So Polish does not need an extra word here.

No, that would be incorrect.

After pozwolić, you need the dative, not the accusative.

Correct:

• pozwoliła mi wyjść

Incorrect:

• pozwoliła mnie wyjść

This is a very common thing learners need to memorize:

• pozwolić komuś = allow someone
• pomóc komuś = help someone
• dziękować komuś = thank someone

All of these take the dative.

Often yes, in meaning.

• pozwolić komuś coś zrobić = to allow someone to do something
• In natural English, this is often translated as let someone do something

So:

• Szefowa pozwoliła mi wyjść wcześniej z pracy. can be translated as:
• My boss allowed me to leave work early.
• My boss let me leave work early.

The Polish verb is a little closer in style to allow, but in everyday translation let is often the most natural English choice.

Then both the noun and the past-tense verb would change:

• Szef pozwolił mi wyjść wcześniej z pracy.

Changes:

• szefowa → szef
• pozwoliła → pozwolił

Everything else stays the same.

They are similar, but not exactly the same in tone.

• z pracy = from work, more neutral
• z roboty = from work, more colloquial / informal

So this sentence could also be said informally as:

• Szefowa pozwoliła mi wyjść wcześniej z roboty.

But z pracy is safer and more neutral for learners.

No.

Very roughly:

• wcześnie = early
• wcześniej = earlier

Examples:

• Wstałem wcześnie. = I got up early.
• Wyszedłem wcześniej. = I left earlier.

In your sentence, wcześniej suggests comparison with the normal leaving time, which is why it fits well.

A very useful pattern is:

• ktoś pozwolił komuś zrobić coś

For example:

• Mama pozwoliła mi iść do kina. = Mom allowed me to go to the cinema.
• Nauczyciel pozwolił nam wyjść wcześniej. = The teacher allowed us to leave earlier.
• Szefowa pozwoliła mi pracować z domu. = My boss allowed me to work from home.

The key points are:

• past verb agrees with the subject's gender
• the person gets dative
• the action is usually expressed by an infinitive