kaimono ni itta haha ga, karee no zairyou no ninjin to tamanegi to jagaimo o takusan katte kita.

Yes. In Japanese, relative clauses come before the noun they modify.

So 買い物に行った母 literally means the mother [who] went shopping.

Japanese does not need words like who, that, or which here. The verb phrase simply goes in front of the noun:

• 買い物に行った母 = the mother who went shopping
• 昨日会った人 = the person I met yesterday

Because 買い物に行く is a set pattern meaning to go shopping.

Here, に marks the purpose/destination of going:

• 買い物に行く = go shopping
• 勉強に行く = go to study
• 遊びに行く = go to hang out/play

If you said 買い物を行う, that would mean to conduct shopping, which sounds formal and unnatural in everyday speech.

Here, 母 is the subject of the main action 買ってきた, so が is natural.

The structure is:

• 買い物に行った母が = the mother who went shopping
  • subject marker
• …買ってきた = bought and brought back

Using は is not impossible, but it would make mother the topic and give the sentence a slightly different feel. が is the more neutral choice when identifying who did the action.

This is a chain of nouns connected by の.

A helpful way to understand it is:

• カレーの材料 = ingredients for curry
• カレーの材料のにんじんと玉ねぎとじゃがいも = the carrots, onions, and potatoes that are curry ingredients

So の is linking the bigger category ingredients for curry with the specific items.

In English, we might naturally say:

• carrots, onions, and potatoes for the curry
• the curry ingredients: carrots, onions, and potatoes

Because each の connects one noun to another.

• カレーの材料 = ingredients of/for curry
• 材料のにんじん = the carrots that are ingredients

So the sentence builds a noun phrase step by step. Japanese often stacks nouns this way, even when English would reorganize the phrase more freely.

Because と is used to make an explicit list of nouns.

So:

• にんじんと玉ねぎとじゃがいも = carrots, onions, and potatoes

Repeating と is normal in Japanese. It gives a complete list, similar to English A, B, and C.

If the speaker wanted a non-exhaustive list, they might use や instead:

• にんじんや玉ねぎやじゃがいも = things like carrots, onions, and potatoes

買ってきた is 買う + てくる.

Here, ～てくる means that someone did the action somewhere else and then came back, often with the result now relevant to the current situation.

So:

• 買った = bought
• 買ってきた = bought and brought back / went and bought

In this sentence, it strongly suggests that the mother went out shopping and came back with the vegetables.

たくさん means a lot or many, and here it modifies the verb 買ってきた.

So:

• たくさん買ってきた = bought a lot

It does not need a particle here. It works adverbially, like a lot in English.

Usually it means a large quantity overall, unless the context makes it clear that each item was bought in large amounts.

So this sentence most naturally means she bought a lot of carrots, onions, and potatoes in total. It could imply a lot of each, but that is not guaranteed by the grammar alone.

Japanese often leaves that kind of thing unstated when it is clear from context.

Also, 母 is commonly used when talking about one’s own mother to other people. So in many contexts, 母 naturally corresponds to my mother.

If you were addressing your own mother directly, you would normally say お母さん, not 母.

Yes.

• 母 is the plain word used when referring to your own mother, especially when speaking to others.
• お母さん is what you usually say when addressing your mother directly, or when referring to someone else’s mother politely.

So in this sentence, 母 is the natural choice if the speaker is talking about their own mother.

The comma helps the reader process a long subject.

The subject is quite long:

• 買い物に行った母が = the mother who went shopping

After that, the sentence moves on to what she did:

• …買ってきた

Japanese punctuation is often used more flexibly than English punctuation, so the comma is mainly there to make the sentence easier to read.

Definitely. A very literal translation is useful for grammar, but natural English would usually reshape it.

Possible natural translations include:

• My mother went shopping and bought a lot of carrots, onions, and potatoes for curry.
• The mother who went shopping bought a lot of carrots, onions, and potatoes as ingredients for curry.
• My mother, who went shopping, came back with lots of carrots, onions, and potatoes for the curry.

Japanese often packs information into noun phrases, while English often spreads it out into separate clauses.