Quando fa freddo, mi fa male la gola.

Because the two instances of fa belong to two different fixed patterns:

• fa freddo = it is cold / the weather is cold
• fa male = it hurts / causes pain

So:

• Quando fa freddo = When it’s cold
• mi fa male la gola = my throat hurts or more literally the throat causes pain to me

Even though both use fare, they are part of different common expressions.

In Italian, weather expressions often use fare:

• fa caldo = it’s hot
• fa freddo = it’s cold
• fa bel tempo = the weather is nice

A native English speaker may expect è freddo, but that usually means it is cold in a more general descriptive sense, not the standard weather expression. For weather, fa freddo is the normal choice.

Literally, it works something like:

• la gola = the throat
• fa male = gives pain / hurts
• mi = to me

So the structure is closer to:

• The throat hurts me
• or My throat is hurting

Italian often expresses body pain this way:

• Mi fa male la testa = My head hurts
• Mi fanno male i piedi = My feet hurt

So mi is not the subject. It is an indirect object meaning to me.

Because Italian usually prefers a different pattern for body parts.

Instead of saying:

• la mia gola fa male

Italian more naturally says:

• mi fa male la gola

This is the usual body-part structure:

1. an indirect object pronoun: mi, ti, gli, le, ci, vi
2. fa/fanno male
3. the body part with the definite article

Examples:

• Mi fa male il braccio = My arm hurts
• Ti fanno male gli occhi? = Do your eyes hurt?
• Le fa male la schiena = Her back hurts

So Italian often uses the body part plus a pronoun, where English uses my/your/his.

With body parts, Italian very often uses the definite article instead of a possessive adjective, especially when the owner is already clear from the pronoun.

So:

• mi fa male la gola literally = the throat hurts to me
• natural English = my throat hurts

This is very common:

• Mi lavo le mani = I wash my hands
• Si è rotto il braccio = He broke his arm
• Ti fa male la schiena? = Does your back hurt?

Using mia gola is possible in some contexts, but here it sounds less natural.

Both are possible, but mi fa male la gola is the more neutral, common order in everyday speech.

Italian often places the pronoun before the verb:

• mi fa male la gola
• ti fa male la testa
• gli fanno male i denti

You can also say:

• La gola mi fa male

but that sounds more marked, as if you are emphasizing the throat specifically.

The grammatical subject is la gola.

That is why the verb is singular:

• la gola fa male

If the subject were plural, the verb would change:

• Mi fanno male le gambe = My legs hurt

So:

• singular body part → fa male
• plural body parts → fanno male

Because fare male is the normal expression for to hurt.

• Mi fa male la gola = My throat hurts

You can use dolore as a noun, but that is a different structure:

• Ho un dolore alla gola = I have a pain in my throat

So male here is not a noun meaning pain in the same way as dolore. It is part of the fixed expression fare male.

Because Italian often uses the present tense in general statements and habitual situations.

Here the meaning is something like:

• Whenever it’s cold, my throat hurts

So quando fa freddo expresses a repeated or typical situation.

If you said quando farà freddo, that would usually point more to the future:

• When it gets cold / when it will be cold

But in this sentence, the idea is general, not a specific future event.

A learner might say that, and it may be understood, but Quando fa freddo is the normal and idiomatic way to talk about cold weather.

So the best version is:

• Quando fa freddo, mi fa male la gola

Using è freddo here sounds less natural for weather.

Not exactly.

Quando fa freddo means when the weather is cold or when it’s cold, not specifically when I feel cold.

If you want to say when I’m cold, you would say:

• Quando ho freddo

That means when I feel cold.

So there is an important difference:

• Quando fa freddo = when the weather is cold
• Quando ho freddo = when I am cold

You change the pronoun, and possibly the noun and verb number.

Examples:

• Ti fa male la gola = Your throat hurts
• Ci fa male la gola = Our throat hurts
• Ci fanno male le gole = Our throats hurt

More common body-part examples:

• Ti fa male il piede = Your foot hurts
• Ti fanno male i piedi = Your feet hurt

So the pattern is:

• mi / ti / gli / le / ci / vi + fa male + singular noun
• mi / ti / gli / le / ci / vi + fanno male + plural noun

It is neutral everyday Italian.

The only potentially noticeable thing is mi, which simply means to me and is used in both formal and informal speech.

If you were speaking to you formally, the pattern would change like this:

• Le fa male la gola? = Does your throat hurt?

Here Le is the formal to you.

But the original sentence itself is just standard, natural spoken and written Italian.