Mi fa male il naso quando fa freddo.

Mi means to me. In Italian, pain is often expressed as something that does pain to someone, rather than with the English pattern my nose hurts.

So:

• Mi fa male il naso = My nose hurts / literally, The nose does pain to me
• Ti fa male il naso = Your nose hurts
• Gli fa male il naso = His/her nose hurts

This is a very common Italian structure:

• Mi fa male la testa = My head hurts
• Mi fanno male i piedi = My feet hurt

Italian often uses the definite article with body parts when it is already clear whose body part it is, especially when a pronoun like mi, ti, gli, le, ci, vi shows the person involved.

So Italian prefers:

• Mi fa male il naso
• Mi lavo le mani
• Mi fa male la schiena

rather than:

• Mi fa male il mio naso
• Mi lavo le mie mani

Using mio here is usually unnecessary and sounds unnatural unless you are emphasizing ownership or contrasting it with someone else’s.

Fare male is a very common expression meaning:

• to hurt
• to cause pain
• to ache depending on context

In this sentence, fa male means hurts.

Examples:

• Mi fa male il braccio = My arm hurts
• Questo taglio fa male = This cut hurts
• Il fumo fa male = Smoking is bad for you / hurts you

So fare male can mean physical pain, but it can also mean to be harmful in other contexts.

Because the grammatical subject is il naso, which is singular.

In Mi fa male il naso:

• il naso = subject
• fa = singular form of fare
• male = adverb/noun-like expression meaning painfully / pain

Compare:

• Mi fa male il naso = My nose hurts
• Mi fanno male gli occhi = My eyes hurt

Since gli occhi is plural, the verb becomes fanno.

Both are possible, but Mi fa male il naso is very natural and common in spoken Italian.

Italian often puts the indirect object pronoun first:

• Mi fa male il naso
• Ti fanno male i piedi

This structure sounds very normal and idiomatic.

You can also say:

• Il naso mi fa male

That version puts more emphasis on il naso, almost like It’s my nose that hurts.

So the sentence order in your example is the most neutral, everyday way to say it.

In Italian, weather expressions often use fare:

• fa caldo = it’s hot
• fa freddo = it’s cold
• fa bel tempo = the weather is nice

So quando fa freddo means when it is cold or when the weather is cold.

You may also hear è freddo, but that usually describes something specific as being cold:

• L’acqua è fredda = The water is cold
• Il pavimento è freddo = The floor is cold

For general weather, fa freddo is the standard choice.

It is the same verb, fare, but used in two different expressions.

1. Mi fa male il naso
   Here fare is part of the expression fare male = to hurt

2. quando fa freddo
   Here fare is part of a weather expression = to be cold

So the same verb appears twice, but with different idiomatic uses. This is very common in Italian.

Yes, but it is a little different.

• Mi fa male il naso is the most direct way to say My nose hurts
• Ho male al naso literally means I have pain in my nose

Both are understandable and natural, but mi fa male il naso is especially common when talking about a body part as the thing that hurts.

Compare:

• Mi fa male il ginocchio
• Ho male al ginocchio

Both work, but the first is often the more typical pattern taught for body parts.

Because in this sentence il naso is the subject of fa male.

Structure:

• Mi = to me
• fa male = hurts
• il naso = the nose

So the nose hurts to me.

If you use al naso, then the structure changes. For example:

• Ho male al naso = I have pain in my nose

But with fare male and a body part as subject, Italian normally uses:

• Mi fa male il naso not
• Mi fa male al naso

Not really in the same way as English bad or painful. In expressions like fare male, male functions as part of a fixed expression meaning to hurt.

You do not need to analyze it too literally every time. It is best to learn fare male as a chunk.

Useful patterns:

• Mi fa male... = ... hurts
• Ti fa male... = ... hurts you
• Mi fanno male... = ... hurt

So learners usually benefit most from memorizing the whole pattern rather than trying to translate each word separately.

Then the verb agrees with the plural subject.

Examples:

• Mi fa male il naso = My nose hurts
• Mi fanno male gli occhi = My eyes hurt
• Mi fanno male le mani = My hands hurt

So:

• singular body part → fa
• plural body parts → fanno

The pronoun mi stays the same because it still means to me.

Yes. In this sentence, quando fa freddo can be understood as:

• when it’s cold
• whenever it’s cold

Because the sentence describes a general repeated situation, English often translates it naturally as whenever it’s cold.

Italian quando can cover both meanings depending on context.

It can suggest either one, depending on context.

• quando fa freddo usually refers to cold weather in general
• but it can also be understood more broadly as when it’s cold

So if someone says:

• Mi fa male il naso quando fa freddo

they usually mean that their nose hurts in cold conditions, especially in cold weather.

This sentence teaches two very common Italian patterns:

1. Indirect pronoun + fare male + body part

   • Mi fa male il naso
   • Ti fa male la schiena
   • Gli fanno male i denti

2. Fare + weather expression

   • Fa freddo
   • Fa caldo
   • Fa bel tempo
   • Fa brutto

If you learn both patterns well, you will understand and build many everyday Italian sentences more naturally.