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Sudahkah kamu bertemu seorang pelanggan yang pindah dari desa?

Sudahkah kamu bertemu seorang pelanggan yang pindah dari desa?
Have you met a customer who moved from the village?
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Questions & Answers about Sudahkah kamu bertemu seorang pelanggan yang pindah dari desa?

What does the word order with Sudahkah mean, and how is it different from just sudah?
  • Sudahkah = sudah
    • the enclitic -kah, which turns it into a yes/no question and fronts it for emphasis: “Have you already…?”
  • Without -kah, you’d say Kamu sudah…? (informal) or Apakah kamu sudah…? (neutral/formal).
  • So the meaning is the same; Sudahkah… simply sounds more formal/literary.
What are other natural ways to ask the same question?
  • Informal: Kamu sudah bertemu seorang pelanggan yang pindah dari desa?
  • Neutral/formal: Apakah kamu sudah bertemu seorang pelanggan yang pindah dari desa?
  • Very formal/written: Sudahkah kamu bertemu seorang pelanggan yang pindah dari desa?
How do I answer yes or no correctly?
  • Yes: Sudah. (Optionally add detail: Sudah, kemarin.)
  • No (not yet): Belum.
  • Don’t use tidak for “not yet.” Use belum with sudah-type questions.
Why use kamu here? Could I use Anda?
  • kamu = informal, to peers/friends.
  • Anda = polite/formal, capitalized: Sudahkah Anda bertemu…?
  • Very casual variants: kau, Jakarta lu/lo (colloquial).
Do I need seorang before pelanggan? What does it add?
  • seorang marks a single human (“a/one person”).
  • Without it, pelanggan is number-neutral (could be one or more).
  • With it: seorang pelanggan = specifically one customer.
How do I make it plural or say “some customers”?
  • “Some customers”: beberapa pelanggan
  • General plural (formal/written): para pelanggan
  • Explicit number: dua/tiga pelanggan
  • Reduplication (pelanggan-pelanggan) is possible but often unnecessary; use quantity words instead.
What’s the difference between pelanggan, langganan, and klien?
  • pelanggan = customer (general term).
  • langganan = regular customer/subscriber; also “regular/favorite” (e.g., warung langganan).
  • klien = client (professional services).
Is bertemu used correctly without dengan? What about menemui and ketemu?
  • bertemu (dengan) X = to meet X. You can say either bertemu X or bertemu dengan X; the version with dengan is safe and common.
  • menemui X = to go see/meet X (more like “visit/meet someone,” transitive).
  • ketemu (sama) X = colloquial: ketemu sama pelanggan.
What does yang do in pelanggan yang pindah dari desa?
  • yang introduces a relative clause modifying the noun before it.
  • Here it means “the customer who moved from the village.”
  • You cannot drop yang in this relative clause structure.
Does yang pindah mean “who moved” or “who is moving”?
  • Indonesian doesn’t mark tense here; it’s context-dependent.
  • To be explicit:
    • Completed: yang sudah/telah pindah
    • In progress: yang sedang pindah
Is pindah dari desa okay without saying where they moved to?
  • Yes. It’s fine to mention only the origin.
  • To add a destination: pindah dari desa ke kota (moved from a village to the city).
What if I just mean “a customer from a village,” not one who moved?
  • Use origin, not movement:
    • seorang pelanggan dari desa
    • seorang pelanggan yang berasal dari desa
  • pindah specifically implies a move.
Why is Sudahkah at the front? Could -kah attach to other words?
  • -kah attaches to the focused element and typically fronts it in formal style.
  • Commonly with particles like sudah, apakah, or pronouns/nouns for emphasis (e.g., Kamukah yang…? = “Was it you who…?”).
Is there a space in Sudahkah?
  • No. -kah attaches directly: Sudahkah, Apakah, Benarkah, etc.
Could I use pernah instead of sudah?
  • Pernahkah kamu bertemu…? = “Have you ever met…?” (at any time in your life).
  • Sudahkah kamu bertemu…? = “Have you already met…?” (by now, expected/anticipated event).
Is there an informal version with shortened words?
  • Very common colloquial style:
    • Udah for sudah: Udah ketemu pelanggan yang pindah dari desa?
    • ketemu for bertemu
    • sama for dengan: ketemu sama pelanggan…
Does pindahan work here?
  • Not in this structure. pindahan is a noun/derivative (e.g., barang pindahan = moving goods; anak pindahan = transfer student).
  • Stick to yang pindah for “who moved.”