העציץ הזה יפה יותר מהעציץ שעל השולחן במרפסת.

In Hebrew, demonstratives like this and that usually come after the noun, not before it.

• העציץ הזה = this flowerpot
• literally: the-flowerpot this

This is the normal pattern in Hebrew:

• הספר הזה = this book
• הילדה הזאת = this girl

So for an English speaker, the word order is one of the first things to get used to.

Because in Hebrew, when you say this/that with a noun, the noun is normally definite, so it takes ה־.

So Hebrew says:

• העציץ הזה

not usually:

• עציץ הזה

This is different from English, where this by itself already makes the noun definite.

In present-tense Hebrew, the verb to be is usually omitted.

So:

• העציץ הזה יפה יותר...

literally looks like:

• this flowerpot prettier than...

but it means:

• this flowerpot is prettier than...

This is completely normal Hebrew grammar.

Hebrew usually makes comparisons with יותר = more plus מ־ = than.

So the structure is:

• יפה יותר מ־... = more beautiful than...

In this sentence:

• יפה יותר מהעציץ... = more beautiful than the flowerpot...

So יותר is doing the job of more, and מ־ is doing the job of than.

Here, מ־ means than because it follows a comparative.

• יפה יותר מהעציץ = prettier than the flowerpot

The same prefix מ־ can also mean from, so context matters.

In writing, it attaches directly to the next word:

• מ + העציץ = מהעציץ

So this is not a separate word for than the way English has one; Hebrew uses the prefix מ־.

שעל is a combination of:

• ש־ = that / which
• על = on

So:

• שעל השולחן literally = that on the table
• natural English = that is on the table

Because Hebrew often omits is in the present tense, שעל השולחן is enough to mean that is on the table.

Hebrew often leaves out the present-tense is, even inside relative clauses.

So:

• העציץ שעל השולחן literally:
• the flowerpot that on the table

but naturally means:

• the flowerpot that is on the table

This is normal, not incomplete.

The most natural reading is:

• השולחן במרפסת = the table on the balcony

So the whole phrase is most naturally understood as:

• the flowerpot that is on the table on the balcony

However, as in English, this kind of phrase can sometimes be a little ambiguous without more context. If the speaker wanted to make the structure clearer, they could rephrase the sentence.

Yes. Hebrew adjectives agree with the noun in gender and number.

• עציץ is masculine singular
• so the adjective is masculine singular too

That gives:

• עציץ יפה = a beautiful flowerpot

A useful detail: with יפה, the masculine singular and feminine singular are spelled the same in unpointed Hebrew, but they are pronounced differently:

• masculine: yafe
• feminine: yafa

Here, because עציץ is masculine, it is understood as yafe.

Yes. That is also correct.

Both of these are acceptable:

• העציץ הזה יפה יותר...
• העציץ הזה יותר יפה...

In everyday speech, יותר יפה is often very common and may sound more natural to many speakers.
יפה יותר is also correct and can sound slightly more formal or stylistically marked.

Yes, Hebrew can also use a shorter structure.

For example:

• העציץ הזה יפה יותר מזה שעל השולחן במרפסת = This flowerpot is prettier than the one on the table on the balcony

But repeating the noun:

• מהעציץ שעל השולחן במרפסת

is perfectly natural too. It can sound a little clearer and more explicit.