L'étranger pose une question simple.

In French, le and la become l' in front of a word that begins with a vowel sound. This is called élision.

• le étranger → l'étranger
• la amie → l'amie

Étranger starts with the vowel sound é, so le (the masculine singular article) drops its e and takes an apostrophe: l'étranger.

The gender does not change:

• le
  • étranger (masculine) → l'étranger (still masculine).

Étranger can mean both, depending on context:

• a foreigner: someone from another country
  
  • Il est étranger. – He is a foreigner.
• a stranger: a person you don’t know
  
  • Ne parle pas à l'étranger. – Don’t talk to the stranger.

In your sentence, L'étranger pose une question simple, both are grammatically possible. The exact English translation (foreigner vs stranger) depends on the larger context or story.

In French, the natural expression is poser une question (literally “to pose a question”).

• poser une question = to ask a question
• demander = to ask (for something), to request

You can say:

• poser une question – to ask a question
• demander quelque chose – to ask for something
  
  • demander de l’aide – to ask for help
  • demander l’heure – to ask what time it is

Demander une question is incorrect in standard French.

In French, every noun has a grammatical gender. Question is feminine, so it takes une, not un:

• une question – a question (feminine)
• un problème – a problem (masculine)

The article and the adjective must agree with the noun:

• une question simple
  
  • une (feminine singular)
  • question (feminine singular)
  • simple (adjective in its feminine singular form, which happens to look like the masculine)

French usually puts adjectives after the noun:

• une question simple – a simple question
• un livre intéressant – an interesting book

Some common adjectives do come before the noun (e.g. beau, petit, grand, bon, mauvais, jeune, vieux), but simple is more often placed after.

However, French word order can change the nuance:

• une question simple – a question that is easy, not complicated
• une simple question – just a mere question, nothing more important than that

So:

• Your sentence (une question simple) emphasizes that the question is easy.
• une simple question would emphasize that it’s “only a question” (nothing big or serious).

Approximate pronunciation (in English-style spelling):

• L'étranger → “lay-trahn-zhay”

  • L': like “l”
  • é: like “ay” in “day”
  • tr: rolled or tapped r
  • an: nasal, similar to “ahn”
  • ger: “zhay” (like the s in measure
    • “ay”)

• pose → “poze”

  • final e is silent, s sounds like z

• une → “ewn” (rounded u sound, like German ü)

• question → close to “kess-tyon”

  • qu = k
  • tion often sounds like syon / tyon

• simple → roughly “sahn-pl” or “sam-pl”

  • final e is silent
  • the m
    • p cluster is pronounced, but the vowel is shorter and more closed than in English “simple”.

There is no required liaison here (you can pronounce it as separate words in careful speech).

Pose is the 3rd person singular of poser in the present tense:

• je pose – I ask/pose
• tu poses – you ask/pose (informal singular)
• il / elle / on pose – he / she / one asks/poses
• nous posons – we ask/pose
• vous posez – you ask/pose (plural/formal)
• ils / elles posent – they ask/pose

The subject here is l'étranger (he / that person), so we use:

• L'étranger pose… = He / The stranger asks…

Poses would be for tu, and posent for ils/elles.

Simple belongs to a group of adjectives that have the same form for masculine and feminine in the singular and plural, except for the -s in the plural:

• Masculine singular: un problème simple
• Feminine singular: une question simple
• Masculine plural: des problèmes simples
• Feminine plural: des questions simples

So simple only adds an s in the plural; it doesn’t change between masculine and feminine.

Both can translate as “easy”, but they’re used differently:

• simple: simple, not complex, straightforward

  • une question simple – a simple, straightforward question

• facile: easy to do, not difficult

  • une question facile – a question that is easy to answer

Often they overlap, and une question simple and une question facile can both be understood as “an easy question,” but:

• simple emphasizes the lack of complexity;
• facile emphasizes that it’s not hard for the person answering.

Une question facile is perfectly correct.

Yes, both are possible, but the meaning changes slightly:

• L'étranger pose une question simple.

  • Using l' (the definite article) suggests a specific stranger/foreigner that is already known in the context: the stranger.

• Un étranger pose une question simple.

  • Using un (the indefinite article) introduces someone not yet identified: a stranger.

So:

• l'étranger = the stranger (we know which one you mean)
• un étranger = a (random/unknown) stranger

In French, common nouns are not capitalized unless they start a sentence or are part of a proper name.

• l'étranger – the stranger / the foreigner (common noun → no capital letter in the middle of a sentence)
• L'Étranger – capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or as the title of a work (for example, Camus’s novel L'Étranger)

So in normal use inside a sentence, étranger is not capitalized.

In neutral statements, French usually follows Subject – Verb – (Object), like English:

• L'étranger (subject) pose (verb) une question simple (object).

Other examples:

• Marie lit un livre. – Marie reads a book.
• Les enfants mangent une pomme. – The children are eating an apple.

You can invert for questions or style, but the basic, standard order is indeed Subject–Verb–Object.