Ik noteer de nieuwe woorden in mijn notitieboek.

Dutch main clauses usually follow the V2 rule: the finite verb goes in the second position.

So in Ik noteer de nieuwe woorden in mijn notitieboek:

• Ik = first element
• noteer = finite verb, so it comes second

This is normal Dutch word order.

If you move another element to the front, the verb still stays second:

• In mijn notitieboek noteer ik de nieuwe woorden.

Notice that noteer is still the second element, and ik moves after the verb.

The infinitive is noteren, meaning to note down / to write down / to record.

In the present tense:

• ik noteer
• jij noteert
• u noteert
• hij/zij/het noteert
• wij noteren
• jullie noteren
• zij noteren

It is a regular verb.

Because woorden is a plural noun.

In Dutch:

• singular nouns take either de or het
• plural nouns always take de

So:

• het woord = the word
• de woorden = the words

That is why the sentence has de nieuwe woorden.

This is because of Dutch adjective endings.

Before a noun, adjectives usually take -e. In this sentence, woorden is plural, so the adjective must be:

• de nieuwe woorden

Compare:

• een nieuw woord = a new word
• het nieuwe woord = the new word
• de nieuwe woorden = the new words

So the -e ending here is completely expected.

Because mijn already functions like a determiner, similar to my in English.

In Dutch, you normally do not combine a possessive word like mijn, jouw, zijn, haar, etc. with de or het.

So you say:

• mijn notitieboek = my notebook

Not:

• de mijn notitieboek
• het mijn notitieboek

Those are incorrect.

Because in means in / inside, and that fits the idea of writing something in a notebook.

• in mijn notitieboek = in my notebook

If you said op mijn notitieboek, it would literally mean on my notebook, as if something were on the cover or on top of it.

So for writing inside the notebook, in is the natural choice.

Notitieboek is correct and natural. It means a notebook used for notes.

Depending on context, Dutch speakers may also use:

• schrift = exercise book / notebook, especially in school contexts
• notitieblok = notepad
• boekje = little book/booklet, sometimes informally for a small notebook

So notitieboek is a good standard choice here.

Yes. That is also correct, but it is slightly different in nuance.

• noteren often means to note down, to record, or to make a note of
• schrijven means to write

So:

• Ik noteer de nieuwe woorden... sounds a bit more like you are deliberately recording them for study or reference.
• Ik schrijf de nieuwe woorden... simply focuses on the action of writing.

Both can work in this context.

Usually with niet:

• Ik noteer de nieuwe woorden niet in mijn notitieboek.

This means I do not write down the new words in my notebook.

Use niet to negate the verb phrase or the whole statement.

You would not normally use geen here, because geen is used with nouns that have no article, for example:

• Ik heb geen notitieboek. = I have no notebook / I do not have a notebook.

So:

• negating the action: niet
• negating an indefinite noun: geen

Yes. Dutch allows different elements to come first, but the finite verb must still stay in second position in a main clause.

Original:

• Ik noteer de nieuwe woorden in mijn notitieboek.

Also possible:

• In mijn notitieboek noteer ik de nieuwe woorden.
• De nieuwe woorden noteer ik in mijn notitieboek.

These versions change the emphasis:

• starting with In mijn notitieboek emphasizes the place
• starting with De nieuwe woorden emphasizes what is being written down

But the verb noteer still remains second.

Yes, nieuwe is a word many learners find awkward.

Very roughly, it sounds like:

• NIE-we

The first part rhymes approximately with English knee, and the second part is a weak wuh / we sound.

Also:

• eu in Dutch is a special vowel sound that English does not really have
• in normal speech, nieuwe may sound smoother and more compressed than learners expect

A rough guide for the whole sentence:

• Ik noteer de nieuwe woorden in mijn notitieboek.

Approximate pronunciation:

• ik no-TAIR duh NIE-weh WOR-duh in mine no-TIE-see-book

That is only an approximation, but it can help at the beginning.