Learn Hardcore Czech: V sobotu obvykle nikam nespěchám a snídaně nikdy není včas, protože nemám žádný plán. - On Saturday I usually don't hurry anywhere and breakfast is never on time, because I have no plan.

V sobotu obvykle nikam nespěchám. – neutral, very natural.
Obvykle v sobotu nikam nespěchám. – slight emphasis on “usually”.
V sobotu nikam obvykle nespěchám. – possible, but the adverb is a bit buried; less common in simple sentences.

You normally keep obvykle quite close to the verb, often after an initial time expression:

Dnes obvykle pracuju z domu.
Ráno obvykle piju kávu.

You wouldn’t normally put it at the very end:

✗ V sobotu nikam nespěchám obvykle. – sounds odd in standard Czech.

Why is there no “I” (já) in nespěchám and nemám?

Czech verb endings show the person clearly, so subject pronouns are usually dropped:

(Já) nespěchám. – I’m not in a hurry.
(Já) nemám žádný plán. – I don’t have any plan.

You add já mainly for emphasis or contrast:

Já v sobotu nikam nespěchám, ale on ano.
I don’t hurry anywhere on Saturday, but he does.

So in your sentence, leaving já out is the normal and more natural choice.

What exactly does nikam mean, and how is it different from nikde and někam?

These three are easy to mix up:

někam – to some place (direction)
- Jdu někam. – I’m going somewhere.
nikde – nowhere (location)
- Nikde nejsem doma. – I’m not at home anywhere.
nikam – to no place / not anywhere (direction)
- Nikam nejdu. – I’m not going anywhere.

In your sentence:

nikam nespěchám = I’m not hurrying anywhere / I’m in no rush to go anywhere.

So:

Use nikde with verbs of being or staying (kde? – where?).
Use nikam with verbs of movement or direction (kam? – to where?).

Why does Czech seem to use “double negatives” like nikam nespěchám, snídaně nikdy není, nemám žádný plán? In English that would cancel the negation.

In standard Czech, multiple negatives in one clause are normal and required. They strengthen the negation; they do not cancel it.

Patterns in your sentence:

nikam nespěchám
- nikam (to nowhere) + nespěchám (I’m not in a hurry)
snídaně nikdy není včas
- nikdy (never) + není (is not)
nemám žádný plán
- nemám (I don’t have) + žádný (no / not any)

You must not say:

✗ Nikam spěchám. – ungrammatical in standard Czech.
✗ Snídaně nikdy je včas. – ungrammatical.
✗ Mám žádný plán. – ungrammatical.

So the rule for one clause is:

If you use a negative word (nikam, nikde, nikdy, nikdo, nic, žádný…),
the verb must also be negated (ne‑).

Could I also say Snídaně není nikdy včas or Nikdy není snídaně včas? How does the word order with nikdy work?

Yes, several word orders are possible, with slightly different emphasis.

Snídaně nikdy není včas. – Neutral, very natural.
- “Breakfast is never on time.”
Snídaně není nikdy včas. – Also correct.
- Slightly more focus on “not ever on time”.
Nikdy není snídaně včas. – Strong emphasis on nikdy (“never”).
- Often used when contradicting someone:
  - Nikdy není snídaně včas! – Breakfast is never on time!

General tendency:

Negative adverbs like nikdy often come before the verb (nikdy není).
You can move them to change the emphasis, but you don’t normally push nikdy all the way to the very end:
✗ Snídaně není včas nikdy. – possible only as very marked, stylised emphasis; sounds unnatural in neutral speech.

Is snídaně the subject here? Why is there no word for “the” or “a” in front of it?

Yes, snídaně (“breakfast”) is the subject of the second clause:

snídaně – breakfast (nominative singular, feminine)
nikdy není včas – is never on time

Czech has no articles (“a”, “the”), so context tells you whether it’s:

breakfast (in general)
the breakfast today
our usual breakfast, etc.

If you want to be more specific, you can add other words:

ta snídaně – that breakfast / the breakfast (more specific)
dnešní snídaně – today’s breakfast

But for a general statement like “Breakfast is never on time,” simple snídaně is exactly what you want.

What does včas mean exactly? Is it like “on time” or “in time”? Why is it one word?

Včas is an adverb meaning “on time / in good time, not late”.

Examples:

Přišel včas. – He arrived on time.
Musíš vstát včas, jinak zmeškáš autobus. – You must get up on time, otherwise you’ll miss the bus.

It’s written as one word. Don’t confuse it with:

v čas – literally “in (the) time”; this as two separate words is rare and usually part of longer phrases; normally you want včas instead.
na čas – also “on time”, but less frequent and slightly more colloquial in some contexts.

In your sentence:

snídaně nikdy není včas – breakfast is never on time.

How does protože work here? Does it change the word order, and why is there a comma before it?

Protože means “because” and it introduces a subordinate clause that explains the reason.

Structure of your sentence:

Main clause: V sobotu obvykle nikam nespěchám a snídaně nikdy není včas,
Subordinate clause: protože nemám žádný plán.

In writing, Czech requires a comma before protože when it starts such a clause.

Word order inside the protože‑clause is just normal Czech SVO:

protože nemám žádný plán
- nemám – verb (1st person singular)
- žádný plán – object (“no plan”)

You can also put the protože‑clause first:

Protože nemám žádný plán, v sobotu obvykle nikam nespěchám a snídaně nikdy není včas.

You still keep the comma, but now it comes after the protože‑clause.

Why is it nemám žádný plán and not just nemám plán? What’s the difference in meaning?

Both are grammatically correct, but the nuance is different.

Nemám plán. – I don’t have a plan.
Nemám žádný plán. – I have no plan at all / not any plan.

Adding žádný (“no, not any”) makes the negation stronger and more explicit. In your sentence this fits well, because it supports the idea of a completely unstructured Saturday:

… protože nemám žádný plán.
– because I don’t have any plan / I have absolutely no plan.

If you simply say Nemám plán, it can sound a bit more neutral or factual, depending on context.

What case and gender are žádný and plán in nemám žádný plán?

plán is masculine inanimate, singular, accusative (it’s the direct object of mám / nemám).
- question: Mám co? – plán. (I have what? – a plan.)
žádný is an adjective meaning “no / not any” and it must agree with plán in:
- gender: masculine inanimate
- number: singular
- case: accusative

For masculine inanimate nouns, nominative and accusative singular of žádný have the same form:

Nominative: žádný plán není. – No plan exists.
Accusative: Nemám žádný plán. – I don’t have any plan.

So in your sentence žádný plán is accusative singular masculine inanimate, matching the verb (ne)mám.

Is there any difference between spěchat and pospíchat in sentences like this?

Both verbs exist and are very close in meaning:

spěchat – to hurry, be in a hurry
pospíchat – also to hurry; often feels a bit more colloquial or expressive

In your sentence:

V sobotu obvykle nikam nespěchám.
V sobotu obvykle nikam nepospíchám.

Both are acceptable. Nespěchám is a little more neutral; nepospíchám can sound slightly more informal or vivid in some contexts. For a learner, using (ne)spěchat is perfectly fine and common.