قبل الغداء تضع امي الخبز في الفرن، ثم تضعه على المائدة.

قبل الغداء means before lunch. It is a time expression, and Arabic very often puts time expressions at the beginning of the sentence.

So the structure is:

قبل الغداء = before lunch
تضع أمي الخبز... = my mother puts the bread...

Literally, it is something like:

Before lunch, my mother puts the bread...

Because in Modern Standard Arabic, a verb-first sentence is very common.

So:

• تضع أمي الخبز = literally puts my mother the bread
• natural English order: my mother puts the bread

This is called VSO order: verb–subject–object.

You can also say:

أمي تضع الخبز...

That is also correct, but it gives a slightly different feel, with more emphasis on my mother.

تضع is the imperfect (non-past) form of the verb وضع, meaning to put.

Here it is third person feminine singular, because the subject is أمي = my mother, and mother is feminine.

So:

• هو يضع = he puts
• هي تضع = she puts

Since my mother = she, the verb is تضع.

It can mean either, depending on context.

The Arabic imperfect tense can express:

• a present action
• a habitual action
• sometimes a future action, depending on context

In this sentence, it most naturally means a habitual or regular action:

Before lunch, my mother puts the bread in the oven, then puts it on the table.

So puts is the best English match here.

In Arabic, possession is often shown with a suffix, not a separate word.

• أم = mother
• أمي = my mother

The ending ـي means my.

So Arabic does not need a separate word like English my here.

Also, in standard spelling, it is usually written أمي with a hamza, not امي.

الخبز means the bread, and it is the direct object of تضع.

So in:

تضع أمي الخبز

the parts are:

• تضع = puts
• أمي = my mother
• الخبز = the bread

So: My mother puts the bread.

تضعه is made of:

• تضع = she puts
• ـه = it / him

So تضعه means she puts it.

Here, ـه refers back to الخبز = the bread.

Why ـه? Because خبز is grammatically masculine singular in Arabic, so the pronoun must also be masculine singular.

Arabic often repeats the verb where English might sometimes avoid repeating it.

So:

تضع أمي الخبز في الفرن، ثم تضعه على المائدة

is very natural Arabic:

• she puts the bread in the oven,
• then she puts it on the table.

Repeating the verb makes the sequence clear and smooth.

These are prepositional phrases:

• في الفرن = in the oven
• على المائدة = on the table

The prepositions are:

• في = in
• على = on

So Arabic uses different prepositions here just like English does.

Also:

• الفرن = the oven
• المائدة = the table / the dining table

ثم means then and shows a clear sequence: first one action happens, then the next.

So:

• ثم = then / after that
• و = and

If you use ثم, the order is more explicit:

1. she puts the bread in the oven
2. then she puts it on the table

Using و would simply connect the actions, but ثم gives a stronger sense of next.

Because they are all definite nouns here.

• الخبز = the bread
• الفرن = the oven
• المائدة = the table

Arabic often uses الـ in places where English may or may not use the, depending on context.

In this sentence, the speaker is talking about specific, known things in the situation:

• the bread being handled
• the oven
• the table

So the definite article is natural.

A fully vocalized version would be:

قَبْلَ الغَدَاءِ تَضَعُ أُمِّي الخُبْزَ فِي الفُرْنِ، ثُمَّ تَضَعُهُ عَلَى المَائِدَةِ.

This helps show pronunciation and grammar more clearly, but in normal Arabic writing, these short vowels are usually omitted.