مبارح رحت عالسوق مع امي.

In Levantine Arabic, the verb itself usually shows who is doing the action.
Here, رحت means I went, so you do not need a separate أنا.

• رحت = I went
• رُحتي / رحتِ = you went (to a woman, depending on spelling style)
• راح = he went
• راحت = she went

You can say أنا رحت if you want emphasis, but it is not necessary in a normal sentence.

مبارح means yesterday in Levantine Arabic. It is very common in everyday speech.

A few notes:

• In some areas, you may also hear امبارح.
• In Modern Standard Arabic, the usual word is أمس.
• In casual Levantine, مبارح is much more natural than أمس.

So if you are speaking everyday Levantine, مبارح is exactly the kind of word you want.

Yes. Arabic often puts time expressions early in the sentence, especially in speech.

So:

• مبارح رحت عالسوق مع امي
• رحت عالسوق مع امي مبارح

Both are possible.

Putting مبارح first gives the sentence a natural setting-the-scene feeling: Yesterday, I went to the market with my mother.

This is very common in Levantine.

Yes. رحت is the past tense, first person singular form of the verb راح, which in Levantine commonly means to go.

So:

• راح = he went
• رحت = I went
• رحنا = we went

This is different from Modern Standard Arabic, where ذهب is the more formal/common verb for to go.

In Levantine, راح is one of the most normal everyday verbs for movement.

In Levantine Arabic, عَ is very commonly used where English would say to, at, or sometimes on, depending on context.

So:

• عالسوق = to the market
• literally, it comes from عَ + ال + سوق

The ل of ال merges with the عَ, giving عالـ.

With a verb of motion like رحت, عالسوق naturally means to the market, not on the market.

By contrast:

• إلى السوق is much more formal and sounds like Modern Standard Arabic.
• In everyday Levantine, عالسوق is what people really say.

Not always. عَ is very flexible in Levantine.

Depending on context, it can mean things like:

• to
• at
• on

For example:

• رحت عالبيت = I went home / to the house
• أنا عالبيت = I am at home / at the house

So the meaning depends a lot on the verb and the situation.
With رحت, it is understood as movement toward a place: to the market.

عالسوق is basically a joined pronunciation of:

• عَ
  • السوق

In normal speech, these are said together:

• عَ السوق → عالسوق

A simple pronunciation guide would be something like:

• ʿas-sūʔ or ʿa s-sūʔ

The ل of ال is not strongly heard here because of how the words run together in speech.

Also, pronunciation of ق in سوق depends on dialect:

• in many urban Levantine varieties, it may sound like a glottal stop: sūʔ
• in some rural or other regional varieties, it may sound more like q or g

Arabic often shows possession by attaching a suffix to the noun.

Here:

• ام = mother
• امي = my mother

The -ي ending means my.

So instead of saying two separate words like in English, Arabic often combines them into one word.

Other examples:

• بيتي = my house
• أخي / اخوي = my brother
• كتابي = my book

So مع امي literally works like with-my-mother, but in natural English it is simply with my mother.

Because امي is already definite through possession.

When something has a possessive ending like -ي meaning my, it is automatically specific:

• امي = my mother, not just a mother

So you do not add ال to it.

This is similar to how in English you would not say the my mother.

Yes. Both spellings may appear, especially in informal writing.

• أمي is closer to the more standard spelling
• امي is very common in casual Arabic writing, texting, and dialect writing

In dialect writing, people often simplify spelling because there is no single fully fixed writing system for colloquial Arabic.

So for a learner, the important thing is to recognize that both refer to my mother.

It is definitely colloquial Levantine, not formal Modern Standard Arabic.

Clues:

• مبارح instead of أمس
• رحت from راح instead of using a more formal verb like ذهبت
• عالسوق instead of إلى السوق
• everyday dialect spelling like امي

A more formal Standard Arabic version would look quite different.

So this sentence is very useful for real conversation.

Yes, absolutely.

Adding أنا is grammatically fine, but it usually adds emphasis or clarity.

Compare:

• رحت عالسوق مع امي = neutral, natural
• أنا رحت عالسوق مع امي = I went to the market with my mother

You might add أنا if:

• you are contrasting yourself with someone else
• you want emphasis
• you want to be extra clear

But in normal speech, leaving it out is more common.

The sentence is:

• مبارح = yesterday
• رحت = I went
• عالسوق = to the market
• مع امي = with my mother

So the structure is:

time + verb + place + companion

This order is very natural in Levantine, but Arabic word order is fairly flexible. You can move pieces around for emphasis, as long as the sentence still sounds natural.

For example:

• رحت مبارح عالسوق مع امي
• مبارح مع امي رحت عالسوق
  This is possible, but less neutral and more marked.

The version you were given sounds very normal.

A very common Levantine negated version is:

• مبارح ما رحت عالسوق مع امي = Yesterday I did not go to the market with my mother.

Here, ما negates the past verb:

• رحت = I went
• ما رحت = I did not go

This is the most useful everyday pattern to learn.

You can keep the same pattern very easily:

• مبارح رحت عالبيت مع امي = Yesterday I went home / to the house with my mother.
• مبارح رحت عالجامعة = Yesterday I went to the university.
• مبارح رحت عالمول = Yesterday I went to the mall.

So a very productive pattern is:

مبارح رحت عَ + المكان

This is a great chunk to practice for speaking.