Die plek onder die skadudoek is skaduryk.

A word-for-word breakdown is:

• Die = the
• plek = place / spot / area
• onder = under / beneath
• die = the
• skadudoek = shade cloth
• is = is
• skaduryk = shady / rich in shade

So the sentence structure is very close to English: The place under the shade cloth is shady.

Because there are two separate noun phrases:

• die plek = the place
• die skadudoek = the shade cloth

So Afrikaans repeats die just as English repeats the:

• the place
• the shade cloth

This is completely normal.

No. One of the nice things about Afrikaans is that die is used for:

• singular nouns
• plural nouns
• all genders

So unlike languages such as German or Dutch, you do not need to learn different forms of the for masculine, feminine, neuter, or plural.

Examples:

• die plek = the place
• die doeke = the cloths
• die man = the man
• die vrou = the woman

Skadudoek is a compound noun, which is very common in Afrikaans.

It is made from:

• skadu = shade
• doek = cloth

So skadudoek literally means shade cloth, the fabric often used in gardens, patios, nurseries, or outdoor areas to provide shade.

Afrikaans often joins nouns together into one word, just like German and often like Dutch.

Skaduryk is also a compound-type formation:

• skadu = shade
• ryk = rich

So skaduryk literally means rich in shade, which is why it can be translated as shady.

The ending -ryk is used in Afrikaans to mean something like:

• full of
• rich in
• having a lot of

So skaduryk is a descriptive word meaning the place has plenty of shade.

Because this is a very straightforward Afrikaans main clause:

Die plek + onder die skadudoek + is + skaduryk

That is:

• subject: Die plek
• prepositional phrase describing the place: onder die skadudoek
• verb: is
• description/predicate adjective: skaduryk

Afrikaans main-clause word order is often quite close to English in simple sentences, especially with is.

Good question. In Afrikaans, adjectives often do take an -e ending before a noun, but usually not after a linking verb like is.

Compare:

• die skaduryke plek = the shady place
  Here the adjective comes before the noun, so it often takes -e.

• Die plek is skaduryk = The place is shady
  Here it comes after is, so it stays in its basic form.

So in your sentence, skaduryk is correct because it is a predicate adjective.

Yes, but the meaning changes slightly.

• Die plek onder die skadudoek is skaduryk.
  = The place under the shade cloth is shady.
  This describes the place as having a lot of shade.

• Die plek onder die skadudoek is in die skaduwee.
  = The place under the shade cloth is in the shade.
  This focuses more on the location being in shade at that moment.

So skaduryk is more descriptive, while in die skaduwee is more literal and situational.

Onder is the preposition meaning under or beneath.

In this sentence, onder die skadudoek tells you which place is being talked about:

• not just any place
• specifically the place under the shade cloth

So it works like an English prepositional phrase:

• the place under the shade cloth

A rough English-friendly guide is:

• skadudoek ≈ SKHAA-du-doo-k
• skaduryk ≈ SKHAA-du-rake

A few helpful notes:

• sk at the start is pronounced with a strong sk sound.
• aa is a long vowel, somewhat like the a in father.
• oe in Afrikaans sounds like oo in moon.
• uy/ryk is harder for English speakers, but ryk is roughly like rake in broad approximation.

Pronunciation varies by speaker, but that should get you close.

Yes. Afrikaans often allows that, but then the verb must stay in the second position.

So you can say:

Onder die skadudoek is die plek skaduryk.

That is grammatical, but it sounds more marked or focused, as if you are emphasizing the location.

The most neutral version is still:

Die plek onder die skadudoek is skaduryk.

Yes, plek is a very normal and natural word for place, spot, or area.

Depending on context, Afrikaans could also use other words, such as:

• area
• ruimte
• plek

But plek is simple, common, and idiomatic here.

So die plek onder die skadudoek sounds natural.

No. Afrikaans has simplified a lot compared with Dutch and German.

In this sentence:

• there are no noun case endings
• die does not change
• the noun forms stay simple
• the verb is is straightforward

That is one reason Afrikaans is often friendly for English speakers: many structures are more streamlined than in other Germanic languages.