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### Nouns and Gender

In French, every noun (a person, place, or thing) is either masculine or feminine. To say "a" or "an", you must use an indefinite article that matches the noun's gender:
- Use **un** for masculine nouns.
- Use **une** for feminine nouns.

### "I am"

The verb **être** means "to be". In French, verbs change their form to match the subject of the sentence.

To talk about yourself, use the pronoun **je** (I). The matching form of *être* is **suis** (am).

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### "You are"

To say "you" to a single person in a casual setting (like a friend or a child), use the informal pronoun **tu**. Its matching verb form is **es** (are).

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### "He, She, and One is"

For the third person, French uses three main singular pronouns:
- **il** (he)
- **elle** (she)
- **on** (one)

All three share the same form of the verb *être*: **est** (is). Note that the "t" in *est* is completely silent!

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The pronoun **on** literally translates to "one" (as in "one is a man"), but in everyday spoken French, it is very frequently used to mean "we".

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### Summary of the verb *être* (Singular)

| Pronoun | Verb form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| je | suis | I am |
| tu | es | you are (informal) |
| il / elle / on | est | he / she / one is |

Singular 'to be' and indefinite articles (je suis un...)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular definite articles (le, la, l')

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Knowing facts vs. familiarity (savoir, connaître)

Question	Answer
I	je
to be	être
a / an (masculine)	un
the man (m)	l'homme
I am a man.	Je suis un homme.
a / an (feminine)	une
the woman	la femme
I am a woman.	Je suis une femme.
you (informal singular)	tu
the boy	le garçon
You are a boy.	Tu es un garçon.
the girl	la fille
You are a girl.	Tu es une fille.
he	il
He is a boy.	Il est un garçon.
she	elle
She is a girl.	Elle est une fille.
He is a man.	Il est un homme.
She is a woman.	Elle est une femme.
one / we (informal)	on
One is a man.	On est un homme.
One is a woman.	On est une femme.
I am a boy.	Je suis un garçon.
You are a man.	Tu es un homme.

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