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### Nouns come with their article

Every French noun is masculine or feminine, and the word for "the" shows which:

- **le** — masculine: *le garçon*
- **la** — feminine: *la fille*

Nothing in the meaning tells you which, so a noun is always learned with its article.

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### Before a vowel: l'

*le* and *la* both shrink to **l'** and attach to the noun: **l'homme**, not *le homme*. The *h* is silent, so it counts as a vowel. Because *l'* hides the gender, the English hint gives it instead — "the man (m)".

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### "To be": être

| Pronoun | Verb | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| je | **suis** | I am |
| tu | **es** | you are (informal) |
| il / elle / on | **est** | he / she / one is |

The *t* of *est* is silent.

### ici and là

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### il, elle, on

**on** literally means "one", but in everyday spoken French it is the ordinary way to say "we".

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Definite articles and elision (le, la, l')

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Indefinite articles (un, une)

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Knowing facts vs. familiarity (savoir, connaître)

Question	Answer
I	je
to be	être
the boy	le garçon
here	ici
The boy is here.	Le garçon est ici.
I am here.	Je suis ici.
you (informal singular)	tu
there	là
You are there.	Tu es là.
The boy is there.	Le garçon est là.
the girl	la fille
The girl is here.	La fille est ici.
The girl is there.	La fille est là.
he	il
she	elle
He is here.	Il est ici.
She is there.	Elle est là.
the man (m)	l'homme
the woman	la femme
The man is here.	L'homme est ici.
The woman is there.	La femme est là.
He is there.	Il est là.
She is here.	Elle est ici.
The man is there.	L'homme est là.
The woman is here.	La femme est ici.
one / we (informal)	on
We are here.	On est ici.
We are there.	On est là.
I am there.	Je suis là.
You are here.	Tu es ici.

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