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Finnish

To talk about yourself and others, you use personal pronouns and the verb **olla** (to be).

### Singular Personal Pronouns

Here are the singular personal pronouns and their matching verb forms:

| Pronoun | Verb (to be) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| **minä** | olen | I am |
| **sinä** | olet | you are |
| **hän** | on | he / she is |

Finnish does not have separate words for "he" and "she". The pronoun **hän** is completely gender-neutral.

### Describing People

Combine a pronoun, a verb, and a description to form simple sentences:

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{{item:896131}}

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### Connecting Ideas

Link sentences together using conjunctions like **ja** (and) and **mutta** (but), or add information with **myös** (also).

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{{item:896137}}

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Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
I	minä
Finnish / Finn	suomalainen
I am Finnish.	Minä olen suomalainen.
you	sinä
English / English person	englantilainen
You are English.	Sinä olet englantilainen.
he / she	hän
happy	iloinen
She is happy.	Hän on iloinen.
tired	väsynyt
but	mutta
I am tired, but you are happy.	Minä olen väsynyt, mutta sinä olet iloinen.
and	ja
He is Finnish, and I am English.	Hän on suomalainen, ja minä olen englantilainen.
also	myös
This dog is also tired.	Tämä koira on myös väsynyt.
You are also Finnish.	Myös sinä olet suomalainen.
That cat is happy, but this dog is tired.	Tuo kissa on iloinen, mutta tämä koira on väsynyt.
He is English and tired.	Hän on englantilainen ja väsynyt.
It is a Finnish house.	Se on suomalainen talo.
It is an English car.	Se on englantilainen auto.
That is an English book.	Tuo on englantilainen kirja.
You are tired, but she is happy.	Sinä olet väsynyt, mutta hän on iloinen.