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Croatian

### Building with Words

Croatian frequently creates new nouns by joining two existing words. To make the new compound word flow smoothly, the two parts are connected by a linking vowel, most commonly **-o-**.

Take *brod* (ship) and *gradilište* (building site). Join them with **-o-**, and you get *brodogradilište* (shipyard).

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Similarly, combining *brod* and *vlasnik* (owner) gives you *brodovlasnik*.

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### Replacing Final Vowels

When the first word ends in a consonant, you simply add the **-o-** after it. But if the first word already ends in a vowel (like the feminine noun *riba*, meaning fish), you drop that final vowel and replace it with **-o-**. 

So, *brod* + *gradnja* (construction) becomes *brodogradnja*. And *riba* + *lov* (hunt) becomes *ribolov* (fishing). 

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Here is *ribolov* used as the subject of the sentence:

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### Maritime Disasters and Innovations

This pattern applies to many concepts relating to the sea. Joining *brod* with *lom* (break or fracture) creates *brodolom* (shipwreck).

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If the first word is *para* (steam), you drop the final **-a** and add the linking **-o-** before *brod* to get *parobrod* (steamboat).

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### Trade and Tides

Verbs and their noun derivatives can also form compounds. Joining the concepts of buying (*kupiti*) and selling (*prodaja*) yields *kupoprodaja* (trade, or buying and selling).

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Returning to nature, joining *voda* (water) with the root for standing gives us *vodostaj* (water level).

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### Compass Directions

Finally, compound nouns are the standard way to express intermediate compass directions. You simply join two cardinal directions with **-o-**.

For example, *jug* (south) and *zapad* (west) become *jugozapad*.

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Likewise, *sjever* (north) and *istok* (east) form *sjeveroistok*.

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Compound nouns (-o-)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and to be (sam, si, je)

Noun genders (-Ø, -a, -o/-e)

Demonstrative pronouns (ovaj, ova, ovo)

Plural pronouns and to be (smo, ste, su)

Masculine plural nouns (-i)

Feminine plural nouns (-e)

Neuter plural nouns (-a)

Full verb to be (jesam, jesi)

Negative verb to be (nisam, nisi)

Yes/no questions (je li)

Wh- questions (tko, gdje)

Formal vs informal address (ti vs Vi)

Regular present tense (-ati)

Regular present tense (-iti)

Regular present tense (-jeti)

Verb negation (ne)

The verb to have (imati / nemati)

Inanimate direct objects

Feminine direct objects (-u)

Plural direct objects (-e, -a)

Accusative pronouns (me, te, ga, ju)

Adjective agreement

Plural adjectives

Accusative adjectives

Numbers 1 to 10 (jedan, dva, tri)

The locative case (-u)

Feminine locative (-i)

The verb to go (ići)

Destination (u, na)

The genitive case (-a)

Accusative pronouns (nas, vas, ga, ih)

Animate masculine accusative (-a)

Adjective agreement for animate masculine (-og, -eg)

The verb can (moći)

The verb must (morati)

The verb to want (htjeti, hoću)

The future tense (ću/ćeš + infinitive)

The past tense: l-participle (radio, radila)

Past tense word order (Prvo sam radio...)

Past tense with plural subjects (-li, -le, -la)

Feminine genitive singular (-e)

Possession and origin (od, iz)

Negative existence (nema)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Genitive plural (-a)

Numbers 11 to 20

Past tense negation (nisam)

Past tense questions (jeste li)

Dative singular

Dative pronouns (ti, mu, joj)

Past tense negation (nisam, nisi...)

Double object pronouns (mu ga, ti ju...)

Reflexive verbs (se)

Reflexive clitic word order

Commands and requests (radi, radite)

Plural demonstratives (ovi, ove, ova)

Possessive determiners (moj, naš, njegov)

Greetings (Dobar dan, doviđenja)

The body: Boli me glava

Directions (lijevo, desno, ravno)

There is, there are (ima)

Politeness (molim vas, hvala lijepa)

How you feel (Sviđa mi se)

Counting by tens to 100 (trideset, četrdeset...)

Quantifiers with the genitive case (malo, puno...)

Adjective agreement in the genitive singular (-og, -e)

Adjective agreement in the genitive plural (-ih)

Genitive prepositions (kod, do, bez...)

Asking what kind and which (kakav, koji)

Possessive determiners (njegov, njezin...)

Possessives in the accusative case

The reflexive possessive (svoj)

Indefinite pronouns (netko, nešto, neki)

Negative pronouns (nitko, ništa)

The verb to need (trebati)

Reciprocal verbs (se)

Introduction to verbal aspect

Perfective verbs with prefixes

Perfective verbs with stem changes

Irregular perfective verbs

Aspect in the past tense

Aspect in the future tense

Vehicular motion (voziti se, putovati)

Arrival and departure ('doći', 'otići')

Entering and exiting ('ući', 'izaći')

Singular accompaniment ('s', 'sa')

Question	Answer
shipyard	brodogradilište
There is no old shipyard in this city anymore.	U ovom gradu više nema starog brodogradilišta.
shipowner	brodovlasnik
The shipowner went to the shipyard yesterday.	Brodovlasnik je jučer otišao u brodogradilište.
Every shipowner must sign a contract.	Svaki brodovlasnik mora potpisati ugovor.
He is such a shipowner that everyone respects him.	To je takav brodovlasnik da ga svi poštuju.
shipbuilding	brodogradnja
Shipbuilding was very important here many years ago.	Brodogradnja je ovdje bila jako važna prije mnogo godina.
fishing	ribolov
This city lives from shipbuilding and fishing.	Ovaj grad živi od brodogradnje i ribolova.
In winter, fishing is often dangerous.	Zimi je ribolov često opasan.
Your uncle used to engage in fishing.	Tvoj ujak se nekada bavio ribolovom.
shipwreck	brodolom
Several sailors survived the shipwreck.	Nekoliko mornara je preživjelo brodolom.
Nobody survived that terrible shipwreck.	Nitko nije preživio taj strašni brodolom.
steamboat	parobrod
My grandfather worked on the first steamboat.	Moj djed je radio na prvom parobrodu.
We saw a steamboat that was sailing toward the island.	Vidjeli smo parobrod koji je plovio prema otoku.
trade	kupoprodaja
The contract of sale for the steamboat is finished.	Ugovor o kupoprodaji parobroda je gotov.
The trade will be finished next week.	Kupoprodaja će biti gotova sljedeći tjedan.
water level	vodostaj
This morning the water level of the river was very high.	Jutros je vodostaj rijeke bio vrlo visok.
A low water level makes work in the port difficult.	Nizak vodostaj otežava posao u luci.
southwest	jugozapad
A strong wind is blowing in the southwest.	Jak vjetar puše na jugozapadu.
Our ship is heading toward the southwest.	Naš brod ide prema jugozapadu.
northeast	sjeveroistok
We were watching the black clouds in the northeast.	Gledali smo crne oblake na sjeveroistoku.
The storm from the northeast destroyed many ships.	Oluja sa sjeveroistoka uništila je mnoge brodove.