Learn Arabic (Modern Standard): رفضت المصرفية أن تمول المشروع. - The female banker refused to finance the project.

The particle أن means "to" or "that" and is used to connect two verbs. It forces the following present-tense verb into the subjunctive mood (mansub). For تمول, this means the final vowel changes from a damma (u) to a fatha (a), so it is pronounced "tumawwila" instead of "tumawwilu".

What is the root of the verb تمول, and how does its form give it the meaning "to finance"?

The root is م-و-ل (m-w-l), which is the same root used for the word مال (money/wealth). The verb تمول is a Form II verb. Form II often carries a causative meaning, so applying it to the concept of "money" creates the meaning "to provide money" or "to finance".

How could you rewrite this sentence using a verbal noun (masdar) instead of أن تمول?

You could replace the أن + verb construction with the masdar of تمول. The masdar for this Form II verb is تمويل (financing). The sentence would become رفضت المصرفية تمويل المشروع (The female banker refused the financing of the project), creating an idaafa (possessive construction) between "financing" and "the project".

The word for "banker" is المصرفية. How is this noun constructed?

It is built from the noun مصرف (masrif), which means "bank". By adding the nisba suffix ـي to indicate association, it becomes "banker". Finally, the taa marbuta ـة is added to make it feminine, matching the female subject of the sentence.