The second major stem change is o → ue. It works exactly like the e → ie pattern — when the stem vowel is stressed, it becomes a diphthong; when the stress moves away, it stays unchanged.
The boot pattern again
Just like with e → ie, the nosotros form escapes the change. Four forms change, one does not — and together they form the familiar boot shape.
Poder — to be able to
| Subject | Conjugation |
|---|---|
| yo | puedo |
| tú | puedes |
| él / ella / usted | puede |
| nosotros / nosotras | podemos |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | pueden |
Common o → ue verbs
| Infinitive | Meaning | Yo form |
|---|---|---|
| dormir | to sleep | duermo |
| morir | to die | muero |
| volver | to return, to come back | vuelvo |
| encontrar | to find | encuentro |
| contar | to count, to tell | cuento |
| recordar | to remember | recuerdo |
| mostrar | to show | muestro |
| costar | to cost | cuesta |
El bebé duerme en su cuna.
The baby sleeps in his crib.
A full example: dormir
Dormir is a classic o → ue verb. Notice that the nosotros form keeps the plain o.
| Subject | Conjugation |
|---|---|
| yo | duermo |
| tú | duermes |
| él / ella / usted | duerme |
| nosotros / nosotras | dormimos |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | duermen |
Ellos duermen ocho horas cada noche.
They sleep eight hours every night.
Common mistakes
❌ Yo podo ayudarte.
Wrong: forgetting the o → ue stem change.
✅ Yo puedo ayudarte.
Correct: the stressed o becomes ue.
❌ Nosotros duermimos mucho.
Wrong: applying the stem change to nosotros.
✅ Nosotros dormimos mucho.
Correct: nosotros keeps the original o.
❌ Ella volve a casa temprano.
Wrong: the stem change is o → ue, giving vuelve.
✅ Ella vuelve a casa temprano.
Correct: vuelve, with the full diphthong ue.
❌ ¿Cuánto costa este libro?
Wrong: costar also stem-changes to cuesta.
✅ ¿Cuánto cuesta este libro?
Correct: cuesta, not costa.
There is one odd cousin of this group: jugar, which changes u → ue instead. See the u → ue page.
Related Topics
- Stem Change: E → IEA2 — Verbs where the stem vowel e changes to ie in stressed syllables.
- Stem Change: U → UE (Jugar)A2 — The unique stem change of jugar, the only u → ue verb in Spanish.
- Stem Change: E → IA2 — A stem change that only affects certain -ir verbs, turning e into i.